Closed list

Voting systems
Part of the Politics series
Plurality/Majoritarian Simple majoritarianism Limited voting Single non-transferable vote Plurality First-past-the-post Two-round Exhaustive ballot Preferential/ranked/ordinal systems Borda count Bucklin voting Condorcet methods (Copeland's, Dodgson's, Kemeny-Young, Minimax, Nanson's, Ranked pairs, Schulze) Coombs' method Instant-runoff (alternative vote) Contingent vote Oklahoma primary electoral system Cardinal/graded/rated systems Approval voting Proportional approval voting Sequential proportional approval voting Satisfaction approval voting Majority judgment Range voting
Proportional Representation Party-list (Open lists, Closed lists, Local lists) Highest averages (D'Hondt, Sainte-Laguë) Largest remainder (Hare, Droop, Imperiali, Hagenbach-Bischoff) Single transferable vote (CPO-STV, Gregory, Schulze STV, Wright)
Mixed-Member Mixed-member proportional Majority bonus system Additional member system Scorporo, Av+ Parallel voting Majoritarian representation Plurality-at-large Preferential block voting General ticket
Other Proxy voting Delegable voting Delegated voting Random selection Sortition Random ballot Social choice theory Arrow's theorem Gibbard–Satterthwaite theorem Voting system criteria Public choice theory (separate but related) Multiple Ballot Voting Cumulative voting
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Closed list describes the variant of party-list proportional representation where voters can (effectively) only vote for political parties as a whole and thus have no influence on the party-supplied order in which party candidates are elected. If voters have at least some influence then it is called an open list.

In closed list systems, each political party has pre-decided who will receive the seats allocated to that party in the elections, so that the candidates positioned highest on this list tend to always get a seat in the parliament while the candidates positioned very low on the closed list will not.

However, the candidates "at the water mark" of a given party are in the position of either losing or winning their seat depending on the number of votes the party gets. "The water mark" is the number of seats a specific party can be expected to achieve. The number of seats that the party wins, combined with the candidates' positions on the party's list, will then determine whether a particular candidate will get a seat.

List of locations with closed list proportional representation

(Countries that have electoral systems that are only partly closed list i.e. mixed-member proportional representation have been excluded.)

Criticism

Voting systems using a closed list employ a listing of candidates selected by the party. Whoever controls this list is in a crucial power-brokering role. Members (candidates) elected from the list are essentially in thrall to the list maker—their political survival depends on how high up the list their name appears, or whether it appears at all.

The party executive or party leaders generally control the list; consequently closed-list systems transfer political power to the un-elected persons (strategists, delegates, party officials, etc.) who author the party's list of candidates. However, parties can mitigate this by using an internal vote of their members or an open primary to determine the ordering of the lists.

Voting systems

Part of the Politics and Election series

Single-winner voting system	Approval voting Borda count Bucklin voting Contingent vote Coombs' method Copeland's method Exhaustive ballot First-past-the-post voting Instant-runoff voting Kemeny–Young method Simple majoritarianism Minimax Condorcet Nanson's method Plurality Positional voting system Range voting Ranked pairs Schulze method Two-round system

Proportional representation	Mixed-member Party-list Single transferable vote Schulze STV CPO-STV Highest averages method Sainte-Laguë D'Hondt Largest remainder method Alternative vote Plus Closed list Open list Overhang seat Underhang seat

Semi-proportional representation	Parallel voting Single non-transferable vote Cumulative voting Limited voting Proportional approval voting Sequential proportional approval voting Satisfaction approval voting

Usage	Table of voting systems by country

Voting system criterion	Condorcet criterion Condorcet loser criterion Consistency criterion Independence of clones Independence of irrelevant alternatives Independence of Smith-dominated alternatives Later-no-harm criterion Majority criterion Majority loser criterion Monotonicity criterion Mutual majority criterion Pareto efficiency Participation criterion Plurality criterion Resolvability criterion Reversal symmetry Smith criterion

Voting system quotas	Droop quota Hagenbach-Bischoff quota Hare quota Imperiali quota

Other	Ballot Vote counting system Election threshold First-preference votes Spoilt vote Sortition

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References

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Closed list

List of locations with closed list proportional representation

Criticism

See also

References