Coat of arms of Dalmatia

The coat of arms of Dalmatia is the heraldic symbol used for the historical region of Dalmatia on the eastern coast of Adriatic Sea. It is also featured on the crest of the coat of arms of Croatia.

History

The arms first appeared in 14th century Gelre Armorial (pre-1396) representing Kingdom of Croatia (Regnum Croatiae et Dalmatiae) as part of the coat of arms of King Louis I (1342-1382). Until 1526 these arms were used to represent Croatia in general^[1] as can be seen from coat of arms of several kings: Louis I, Mary, Matthias Corvinus and Louis II. It is also found on the great seals of Sigismund of Luxembourg,^[2] Albert II,^[3] John Zápolya,^[4] Ferdinand I,^[5] and from then on, on various seals and arms of the Habsburgs.

Historically there are two main variants of these arms:

• The most widely used version is azure, with three crowned golden leopards' heads affrontés caboshed Or, langued in gules (three golden lion heads, facing front, with golden crowns and red tongues, on a blue shield), often crowned. This variant dates from at least the very late 14th century, found on the Great Seal of King Sigismund of Luxembourg (1395-1437). The Republic of Venice in its Great Arms (18th century) used a variant with the same charge, but on a gules (red) shield, with the tongues often gold rather than gules. Between 1815 and 1918, the crowned variant of this coat of arms, with the azure shield, was used by the Habsburg Kingdom of Dalmatia.
• Another, earlier version, was: gules, with three lion heads argent, facing dexter, langued and crowned Or^[6][7][8][9] (meaning three white or silver lion heads, with golden crowns and tongues, turned to left, on a red shield). This variant dates from the mid-14th century as part of the arms of Louis I of Hungary (1342-1382). A variation of these arms (gules, with three lion heads Argent, facing dexter) appeared in the book called Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem (1486).^[10]

Arms charge

From a strictly heraldic point of view the charges on the arms are not lions but heraldic leopards. The heraldic leopard differs from the real-life leopard (Panthera pardus). It does not have any spots and often has a mane. Therefore, in heraldry, the leopard is generally similar, and is often referred to as a lion (Panthera leo). The reason for this lies in the fact that in the Middle Ages leopards were thought to be a crossbreed between a lion and a pard.^[11]

Gallery

• 

  As part of the arms of King Louis I - lower right quarter (Gelre Armorial, 14th century).

• 

  As part of the great seal of King Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490).

• 

  Coat of arms of Dalmatia depicted on a building fresco in Innsbruck, Austria (1495).

• 

  Arms of Dalmatia in Austria-Hungary (1851-1918), as drawn by Hugo Gerard Ströhl.

• 

  Kingdom of Dalmatia (1815-1918), as drawn by Hugo Gerard Ströhl.

• 

  As part of the arms of Triune Kingdom (1868-1918).

• 

  Dalmatia, as part of the coat of arms of the Kingdom of Hungary.

See also

• Flag of Dalmatia
• Dalmatia
• History of Dalmatia
• Kingdom of Dalmatia
• Coat of arms of Croatia
• Flags of Croatia

References

1. Ivan Bojničić-Kninski - Grbovnica kraljevine "Slavonije", (1895) - PDF file (in Croatian), accessed 28 February 2014
2. Szilágyi Sándor: A Magyar Nemzet Története (in Hungarian)
3. Austria Forum Web Books Viewer Die osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Ubersichtsband, 2. Abtheilung: Geschichtlicher Theil (page 47), (in German), accessed 1 August 2013
4. Fraknói Vilmos: WERBŐCZI ISTVÁN, 1458-1541
5. Dr. Veress Endre: IZABELLA KIRÁLYNÉ, 1519-1559
6. Konrad von Grünenberg - Wappenbuch (1602-1604) (in German), accessed 24 July 2013
7. Bayerische Staatsbibliothek München Wernigeroder (Schaffhausensches) Wappenbuch, accessed 24 July 2013
8. Gelre Armorial - Gelre Folio 52v, accessed 24 July 2013
9. Ulrich von Richental - Chronik des Konzils zu Konstanz (Chronicle of the Council of Constance, page 343), (in German), accessed 14 February 2014
10. Konrad von Grünenberg - Beschreibung der Reise von Konstanz nach Jerusalem, page 32 [13v] (in German), accessed 24 July 2013
11. Woodcock, Thomas; Robinson, John Martin (1988). The Oxford Guide to Heraldry. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 64. ISBN 0-19-211658-4.