LeBaron order

"Colonia LeBaron" and "Church of the Firstborn" redirect here. For additional Latter Day Saint sects with the name Church of the Firstborn, see Church of the Firstborn (disambiguation).
Church of the Firstborn
of the Fulness of Times
Theology

Governance Hierarchical
Headquarters Colonia Le Baron, Chihuahua, Mexico
Founder Joel LeBaron
Origin 21 September 1955
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
Branched from Apostolic United Brethren
and mainstream LDS Church
Separations Church of the Firstborn (Rival entity founded by Ross Wesley LeBaron, December 1955. By 1962 its missionary work subsumed to a degree into that of the Fulness of Times')[1]
Church of the First Born Lamb of God (founded by Ervil LeBaron, 1972)[2]
Informal schisms:
Unknown
Number of followers "A few hundred"[3]
 to, perhaps, 1,000[4]
Other name(s) Church of the Firstborn, or
"LeBaron group"
Publications Doctrine of the priesthood. vols. 1–18 (+?). 
Thus Joel taught. 1983. 
Thus saith the Lord. 2008. 
Church of the Firstborn
(Ross Wesley LeBaron, et al)
Headquarters Originally Salt Lake City, Utah (present headquarters unknown)
Founder Ross Wesley LeBaron
Origin December 1955
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
Branched from UAB
and mainstream LDS Church
Number of followers A hundred or more

The LeBaron order designates a Chihuahua-based Mormon fundamentalist religious community. The community started as polygamous Latter-day Saint family founded in Chihuahua by its patriarch, Alma Dayer LeBaron, Sr., in about 1924. The order's predominant formal, religious affiliation has become over time the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times, often shortened as the Church of the Firstborn, founded in September 1955 by three of Alma's sons, Joel, R. Wesley, and Floren LeBaron. Since its founding, the sect's principal enclave has been within the juristiction of Galeana Municipality, Chihuahua. The LeBarons christened the LeBaron ranch Colonia LeBaron in the 1950s. Especially in more recent years, it is a minor segment of the order that engages in the actual practice of polygamy.[5] A substantial fraction of residents residing on and nearby order members' landholdings at Colonia LeBaron (not to mention a number farm laborers helping at the farms there during the active agricultural season) are not affiliated with the order, many of them identifying themselves on census reports as Roman Catholic and most of the remainder as evangélico (Protestant).

Establishment

The LeBaron family, led by Alma Dayer LeBaron, Sr., affiliated with the leadership of Mormon fundamentalist leader Joseph White Musser beginning in 1936. In 1944, the LeBarons were excommunicated from The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) for teaching and practicing plural marriage. For the next 11 years, the LeBarons associated themselves with Rulon C. Allred's Apostolic United Brethren.

Claiming especial priesthood keys of authority through early Latter Day Saint "Council of Fifty" member Benjamin F. Johnson,[6][7] on 21 September 1955, Joel LeBaron and his brothers Ross and Floren visited Salt Lake City, Utah, and there organized the Church of the Firstborn of the Fulness of Times; Joel was ordained President of the Church, with Floren as first counselor in the First Presidency and Ross as head patriarch. Shortly thereafter, Joel reported being visited by nineteen former prophets, including Jesus, Abraham, Moses, Elijah, and Joseph Smith. In early 1956, the LeBaron brothers returned to Chihuahua. Their father Alma and brother Ervil became the fourth and fifth members of the new church; their mother Maud also eventually joined. Several months later, Ervil LeBaron published a pamphlet titled "Priesthood Expounded", which became a foundational text for the order.

An alternative organizational structure for the order – which is named, in full, the Church of the Firstborn – additionally was formed in 1955 by Ross Wesley LeBaron, which Wesley thereafter led from its headquarters in Salt lake City, Utah.[8] Wesley believed he had been sent to prepare the way for the One Mighty and Strong, who would be "an Indian prophet"[9] Three notable followers have been Fred Collier, Tom Green, and Robert Black.[8] This sect has attracted fewer adherents than did the earlier Firstborn faction co-founded by Wesley and headed by his brother Joel. As of 2004, there were about 100 members of this branch of the order in Hannah, Utah, along with additional adherents living in Mexico.[10][11] Joel and R. Wesley respecively claimed their especial "Firstborn order" priesthood lines of authority from Alma Dayer LeBaron, who had been ordained by Dayer's grandfather Benjamin F. Johnson, who had received these priesthood keys from Joseph Smith. LeBaron invited Allred and his followers to join their new order, but their invitation was rejected.

Colonia LeBaron

Colonia Le Baron is located in the northwest of the state of Chihuahua, near the towns of Nuevo Casas Grandes, Colonia Juarez, and Colonia Dublán. It lies thirteen kilometers south of the county seat of Galeana and twenty-one kilometers north of San Buenaventura, its main means of access from Mexican Federal Highway 10. Its geographical coordinates are 30 ° 00'45 "N 107 ° 34'03" W and is located at an altitude 1,480 meters above sea level. According to the results of the Census of Population and Housing 2005 by the National Institute of Statistics and Geography, the population of Le Baron is 1,051 inhabitants, of which 496 are men and 555 are women.[12]

The population of Colonia LeBaron includes several hundred practitioners of the Church of the Firstborn faith.[3][13][14][15][16] along with additional followers in Baja California, California, Central America, and Utah.[17]

According to the Instituto Nacional para el Federalismo y el Desarrollo Municipal, Gobierno del Estado de Chihuahua, Colonia LeBaron's population was 1,137. Galeana (which includes LeBaron)'s population was 3,763 in 1996. The predominant religion was Roman Catholic, at 80.9% of the population of people over 15, with the remainder principally Mormon (viz., "Latter Day Saint movement members") and evangelico ("Protestant").

Missionary work

The Church of the Firstborn is one of the few Mormon fundamentalist churches to have engaged in active proselytization. While most of their efforts have been focused on attracting Mormon fundamentalists from other groups to join their order, missionaries of the church have preached and distributed tracts at the LDS Church strongholds of Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, and outside the gates of Temple Square in Salt Lake City. The church's pamphlet "Priesthood Expounded" and other tracts became instrumental in the conversion of nine LDS Church missionaries of the church's French Mission to the LeBaron order, an incident that has been described as the "worst missionary apostasy in the history of the [LDS] Church".[18]

1970s–on martyrdoms in parent order at hands of Lamb of God schism

Church of the First Born
Lamb of God
Headquarters Los Molinos, Baja California, Mexico
Founder Ervil LeBaron
Origin
Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
Separated from Church of the Firstborn
of the Fulness of Times
Number of followers Unknown, may have a few adherents in Los Molinos, Baja California, and elsewhere

By 1962, Ervil LeBaron was the Presiding Patriarch of the church and number two in authority to Joel LeBaron. By 1967 he was teaching that he, not Joel, was the proper head of the church. Joel and other leaders of the church denounced Ervil and released him from his position.

In August 1972, Ervil LeBaron and his followers established the rival Church of the First Born Lamb of God. Ervil began teaching his followers that he was the "One Mighty and Strong" prophesied of in the Doctrine and Covenants, and he prophesied that "Joel will be put to death". On 20 August 1972, Joel LeBaron was shot in the head by one of Ervil's followers, becoming one of the victims of the Ervil LeBaron murders (in which members of the Church of the Lamb of God committed dozens of assassinations of both members of its parent LeBaron sect and of other Mormon fundamentalist groups).[19][20][21][22][23]

Recent history

Succession crises

The Church of the Firstborn has experienced ongoing leadership succession controversies following its founder's assassination.[24][20] Joel was succeeded by his brother Verlan, who was killed in an automobile accident in 1981. Precise continuity of leadership within the Church of the Firstborn is unknown, with various groupings of believers' following one or another putative successors to leadership.

Victimizations by Juarez narcoterrorists (2000s)

In 2009, the LeBaron enclave in Mexico and received national attention in Mexico within the context of war against drug trafficking in Mexico, especially in the northwestern region of the state of Chihuahua. On May 2, Erick Le Baron, 17, was kidnapped for an attempted ransom amount of US$1 million. However, the spokesman of the entire LeBaron community had previously announced its decision not pay any ransom but instead to seek the release of the young man, who was finally freed by his captors on May 10 without there having been made a ransom payment.[25] Throughout this event, the community spoke out publicly, both in the state capital, Chihuahua, and national and international media against the growing insecurity experienced in the region and maintained its intention to continue a policy of refusal to pay ransoms in cases of possible kidnappings.

On July 6, 2009, Erick's brother, Benjamin, and another order member, Luis Widmar Stubbs, were kidnapped and soon thereafter were murdered on the streets of Colonia LeBaron by a group of armed assailants, who left a written message with the victims' bodies message which stated that this crime was in retaliation for Benjamin's activism against the traffickers.[26][27][28]

In the immediate aftermath, the Mexican manned a garrisoned in the town.[29] In 2012 Chihuahua state legislator Alex LeBaron began campaigning for change to Mexican gun laws to legalize arming citizens for self-defense.[30]

Memoirs

In 2006, Susan Ray Schmidt, sixth wife of Verlan LeBaron published His Favorite Wife[31] (updated in 2009[32][33]), in 2007 Irene Spencer, wife of Verlan LeBaron, published Shattered Dreams[34] and in 2009, Cult Insanity,[35] – rebutted in 2011 by Thomas J. Liddiard in Shedding Light: Some Observations of a Book Entitled 'Cult Insanity'[36] – and in 2016 Ruth Wariner, daughter of Joel LeBaron, published The Sound of Gravel about experience in the religious group.[37]

For true-crime portrayals of the Church of the Lamb of God murders, see Ervil LeBaron: Depictions.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Wright, Lyle O. (1963). "Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times" (Master's thesis). p. 40.
  2. ↑ Baer, Hans A. (1988). Recreating Utopia in the Desert: A Sectarian Challenge to Modern Mormonism. State University of New York Press. p. 35.
  3. 1 2 Bennion, Janet (2012). Polygamy in Primetime: Media, Gender, and Politics in Mormon Fundamentalism. UPNE. p. 43.
  4. ↑ Fagen, Jennifer Lara; Wright, Stuart A. (2004). "Gender, Sexuality, and Women’s Empowerment in Mormon Fundamentalist Communities". Sexuality and New Religious Movements. Palgrave Macmillan US. p. 9–28. Infighting over who would lead the group led the LeBarons to officially split from the AUB and create the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times, which is now known as the LeBaron Group (Bennion 2011a). The membership of the LeBaron Group is approximately 1,000
  5. ↑ Booth, William (July 23, 2009). "Drug Cartels Target Mormon Clans in Mexico". The Washington Post.
  6. ↑ Janet Bennion (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley (Tucson: University of Arizona Press) ISBN 0-8165-2334-7
  7. ↑ Brian C. Hales (2006). Modern Polygamy and Mormon Fundamentalists: The Generations After the Manifesto. Greg Kofford Books. p. 429–. ISBN 1-58958-035-4.
  8. 1 2 Hales, Brian C. "Ross Wesley LeBaron". mormonfundamentalism.com. Retrieved 21 January 2014.
  9. ↑ Davidson, Staff Writer (June 28, 1988), "Several Men Claim to be The `One Mighty and Strong'", Deseret News (Salt Lake City, Utah), retrieved April 12, 2011
  10. ↑ Moore-Emmett, Andrea (2004). God's Brothel. Pince-Nez Press.
  11. ↑ Wright, Lyle O. (1963). "Origins and Development of the Church of the Firstborn of the Fullness of Times" (Master's thesis). p. 40.
  12. ↑ "Archivo histórico de localidades". Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía.
  13. ↑ Brian C. Hales (2005). "Reviews: Janet Bennion, Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley". Journal of Mormon History 31 (1): 216.
  14. ↑ Bennion, Janet (2004). Desert Patriarchy: Mormon and Mennonite Communities in the Chihuahua Valley. University of Arizona Press. ISBN 9780816523344.
  15. ↑ Booth, William (July 23, 2009). "Ambushed by a Drug War: Mormon Clans in Mexico Find Themselves Targets of the Cartels". Washington Post.
  16. ↑ Althaus, Dudley (July 11, 2009). "In killings, sect suffers a new bloody chapter". Houston Chronicle.
  17. ↑ D. Michael Quinn (1997). Martin E. Marty; R. Scott Appleby, eds. Fundamentalisms and Society: Reclaiming the Sciences, the Family, and Education: Volume 2 of The Fundamentalism Project. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-50881-8.
  18. ↑ Kahlile Mehr, "The Trial of the French Mission", Dialogue: A Journal of Mormon Thought, vol. 21, no. 3 (Autumn 1988) pp. 27–45.
  19. ↑ Harvey Rice, Houston Chronicle (2011-06-16). "Cult leader's daughter's guilty plea draws bloody saga to close - Houston Chronicle". Chron.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  20. 1 2 The Primer, Helping Victims of Domestic Violence and Child Abuse in Polygamous Communities: Fundamentalist Mormon Communities (PDF), Utah Attorney General’s Office and Arizona Attorney General's Office, June 2006, retrieved June 29, 2010, The group splintered after members committed a string of assassinations in the 1980's.
  21. ↑ Chynoweth, Rena (1990). The Blood Covenant. Eakin Pr. pp. 5 & 205. ISBN 0890157685.
  22. ↑ Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement.
  23. ↑ Jon Krakauer (2004). Under the banner of heaven: a story of violent faith. p. 266.
  24. ↑ http://www.deseretnews.com/article/8620/ERVILS-FOLLOWERS-MURDER-ROUTINELY.html?pg=all
  25. ↑ "Plagio de hermano lo llevó a la muerte". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  26. ↑ "Matan a Benjamín Le Barón, activista contra secuestros". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  27. ↑ "Plagiarios castigan a pueblo en rebeldía". El Universal. 8 July 2009. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  28. ↑ Joaquín Fuentes (8 July 2009). "Asesinan a líder mormón Benjamín Le Barón". Milenio Diario. Retrieved 2009-07-07.
  29. ↑ 6:16 AM ET (2012-01-28). "Law-Abiding Mexicans Taking Up Illegal Guns". NPR. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  30. ↑ "Brothers in tiny Mexican town push for changes to nation’s strict gun-control laws | Dallas Morning News". Dallasnews.com. 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  31. ↑ "His Favorite Wife: A True Story of Violent Fanaticism - Susan Ray Schmidt - Google Books". Books.google.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  32. ↑ Dana Dugan (2006-09-15). "Idaho Mountain Express: Fanaticism and polygamy: A woman's story - September 15, 2006". Archives.mtexpress.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.
  33. ↑ Dalrymple, Jim (August 8, 2013). "Lifetime offers melodrama with 'Escape From Polygamy'". sltrib.com.
  34. ↑ Spencer, Irene (2007). Shattered Dreams: My Life as a Polygamist's Wife.
  35. ↑ Spencer, Irene (2009). Cult Insanity: A Memoir of Polygamy, Prophets, and Blood Atonement.
  36. ↑ Liddiard, Thomas J. (2011). Shedding Light: Some Observations of a Book Entitled 'Cult Insanity'.
  37. ↑ Kristen Mascia (2016-01-03). ""Polygamy stunts a woman’s mind": "The Sound of Gravel" author Ruth Wariner on her fundamentalist Mormon childhood, becoming a feminist and life after leaving the church". Salon.com. Retrieved 2016-04-18.

References

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