Republic of Maryland

Republic of Maryland
1834–1857 →


Flag (1854-57)

Capital Harper (1854)
Languages English (de facto) African American Vernacular English

Grebo language

Religion Christianity
Government Republic
Governor
 •  1854 Samuel Ford McGill
 • 1854-1856 William A. Prout
 • 1856-1857 Boston Jenkins Drayton
Historical era Victorian
 •  Establishment as colony of Maryland-in-Africa February 12, 1834
 • Referendum January 31, 1853
 • Republic of Maryland declares Independence May 29, 1854
 •  Annexed by Liberia. March 18, 1857
Currency United States Dollar ($)

The Republic of Maryland (also known as the Independent State of Maryland) was a small nation which existed from 1854 to 1857, when it was merged into what is now Liberia. The area was first settled in 1834 by freed African-American slaves and freeborn African Americans primarily from the U.S. state of Maryland, under the auspices of the Maryland State Colonization Society.[1][2]

The larger American Colonization Society was founded in 1816; it supported the settlement of thousands of free African Americans to their colony based in Monrovia in West Africa, along the coast. There were also initially separate settlements founded by state colonization societies of Mississippi and Pennsylvania. In 1838, these African-American settlements were united into the Commonwealth of Liberia, which declared its independence from the American Colonization Society in July 26, 1847.

The Maryland colony remained apart, as the state colonization society wished to maintain its trade monopoly in the area. On February 2, 1841, Maryland-in-Africa became the State of Maryland. Following a referendum in 1853, the state declared its independence on May 29, 1854 as Maryland in Liberia,[3] with its capital at Harper.

History

Map of Liberia in the 1830s, where the Republic of Maryland and other state-sponsored colonies are identified.

The American Colonization Society had been founded in 1816, in part due to alarms over the violence of the Haitian slave revolution and its aftermath, which resulted in independence for that country in 1804. Fears were raised about the effects of emancipation of slaves in the United States.

In this period, both slaveholders and abolitionists collaborated on the project to transport free blacks to Africa, if for different purposes. They suggested it was 'repatriation' but by this point, most African Americans were native-born in the United States. Slaveholders believed that free blacks threatened the stability of slave societies. Abolitionists hoped to encourage slaveholders to free their slaves and also worried about the discrimination faced by free blacks in the United States. Those who supported relocation to West Africa believed the African Americans might be able to form a better society for themselves there, away from white discrimination. While thousands of free blacks did relocate to the colony, most free African Americans opposed this project, claiming their native-born status in the United States and wanting to mitigate inequities there.

Maryland had an increasing proportion of free blacks among its African-American population. During the first two decades after the Revolution, about 25% of blacks were freed, in part because slaveholders were inspired by the war's ideals. Practically, changing labor needs meant that fewer slaves were required.[4] By 1810 some 30% of North Maryland's blacks were free, in what was a more urbanized region, but so were 20% of blacks in the southern part of the state.[4] In the next two decades the number of free blacks increased markedly in the northern part of the state, and many congregated to Baltimore, the state's and the South's largest city.[4] By 1830 Maryland had a total of 52,938 free blacks: 51.3% of blacks in North Maryland were free, and the black population of Baltimore was 75% free. In South Maryland, free blacks made up 24.7% of the black population.[4]

The Maryland State Colonization Society was originally a branch of the American Colonization Society, which had founded the colony of Liberia at Monrovia on January 7, 1822. The Maryland Society decided to establish a new settlement of its own to accommodate its emigrants and with the intention of controlling trade to the colony. In December 1831, the Maryland state legislature in the United States appropriated US$10,000 for 26 years to transport 10,000 free blacks and ex-slaves, and 400 Caribbean slaves from the United States and the Caribbean islands, respectively, to Africa. It founded the Maryland State Colonization Society for this purpose.[5]

Settlement of Cape Palmas

Etching of Cape Palmas, c1853.
Cape Palmas mission, c1840.

The first area in the Republic of Maryland to be settled by the Maryland Colonization Society was Cape Palmas, in 1834, somewhat south of the rest of the American colony.[1] The Cape is a small, rocky peninsula connected to the mainland by a sandy isthmus. Immediately to the west of the peninsula is the estuary of the Hoffman River. Approximately 21 km (15 mi) along the coast to the east, the Cavalla River empties into the sea, marking the border between Liberia and the Ivory Coast. It marks the western limit of the Gulf of Guinea, according to the International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO).

Most of the settlers were freed African-American slaves and freeborn African Americans primarily from the state of Maryland.[6] The Colonization Society organizers thought they could establish new trading ties by relocating African Americans to West Africa. The colony was named Maryland In Africa (also known as Maryland in Liberia) on February 12, 1834.

John Brown Russwurm

John Brown Russwurm, first black governor of Maryland in Africa from 1836-1851.

In 1836 the colony appointed its first black governor, John Brown Russwurm (1799–1851), who served as governor for more than a dozen years until his death. Russwurm encouraged the immigration of African Americans to Maryland in Africa, and supported agriculture and trade.[7] He had begun his career working as the colonial secretary for the American Colonization Society between 1830 and 1834. He also worked as the editor of the Liberia Herald. He resigned this post in 1835 to protest America's colonization policies.

In 1838, a number of other American settlements on the west coast of Africa united to form the Commonwealth of Liberia, which declared its independence in July 26, 1847.

The colony of Maryland in Liberia remained independent, as the Maryland State Colonization Society wished to maintain its trade monopoly in the area. On February 2, 1841, Maryland-in-Africa was granted statehood and became the State of Maryland. In 1847 the Maryland State Colonization Society published the Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia, based on the United States Constitution.

Declaration of Independence, and annexation by Liberia

On May 29, 1854, the State of Maryland declared its independence, naming itself Maryland in Liberia,[3] with its capital at Harper. It was also known as the Republic of Maryland. It held the land along the coast between the Grand Cess and San Pedro rivers. It lasted three years as an independent state.

Soon afterward, local tribes including the Grebo and the Kru attacked the State of Maryland in retaliation for its disruption of the slave trade, by which they had profited. Unable to maintain its own defense, Maryland appealed for help to Liberia, its more powerful neighbor. President Roberts sent military assistance, and an alliance of Marylanders and Liberian militia troops successfully repelled the local tribesmen. The Republic of Maryland recognized that it could not survive as an independent state, and following a referendum, Maryland was annexed by Liberia on April 6, 1857, becoming known as Maryland County.

Legacy

A statue of John Brown Russwurm was erected at his burial site at Harper, Cape Palmas, Liberia.[8]

Governors of Maryland-in-Africa

(Dates in italics indicate de facto continuation of office)

Term Incumbent Notes
February 12, 1834Maryland State Colonization Society founds Maryland-in-Africa colony
February 12, 1834 to February 1836James Hall, Governor
February 1836 to July 1, 1836Oliver Holmes, Jr., Governor
July 1, 1836 to September 28, 1836Three-Man Committee
September 28, 1836 to February 2, 1841John Brown Russwurm, Governor
State of Maryland in Liberia
February 2, 1841 to June 9, 1851John Brown Russwurm, Governor
June 9, 1851 to 1852Samuel Ford McGill, acting Governor
1852 to May 29, 1854Samuel Ford McGill, Governor
The Independent State of Maryland in Liberia
8,1854Samuel Ford McGill, Governor
June 8, 1854 to April 1856William A. Prout, Governor
April 1856 to March 18, 1857Boston Jenkins Drayton, Governor
March 18, 1857Incorporated into The Republic of Liberia

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 The African Repository, Volume 14, p.42 Retrieved March 13, 2010
  2. ↑ Hall, Richard, On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857
  3. 1 2 Constitution and Laws of Maryland in Liberia, p.1 Retrieved March 13, 2010
  4. 1 2 3 4 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iqdoAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA201&lpg=PA201&dq=free+blacks+as+proportion+of+black+population+in+Maryland,+1830&source=bl&ots=D-syM4DuUC&sig=LfQeqQ9BaZXwLCwkt0AkMIuEA2I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCl8fdmMDJAhUETSYKHcVkDdQQ6AEIKDAC#v=onepage&q=free%20blacks%20as%20proportion%20of%20black%20population%20in%20Maryland%2C%201830&f=false William H. Freehling, The Road to Disunion: Secessionists at Bay, 1776-1854, Vol.1, Oxford University Press, 1991, p. 201
  5. ↑ Latrobe, John H. B., p.125, Maryland in Liberia: a History of the Colony Planted By the Maryland State Colonization Society Under the Auspices of the State of Maryland, U. S. At Cape Palmas on the South-West Coast of Africa, 1833-1853, published in 1885. Retrieved 16 Feb 2010
  6. ↑ Richard Hall, On Afric's Shore: A History of Maryland in Liberia, 1834-1857, Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society, 2003
  7. ↑ Lear, Alex (2006-12-07). "Crossing the color line". The Community Leader. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  8. ↑ The World Book encyclopedia. Chicago: World Book. 1996. ISBN 0-7166-0096-X. Retrieved March 13, 2010

References

Coordinates: 4°22′N 7°43′W / 4.367°N 7.717°W / 4.367; -7.717

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