Colonization attempts by Poland

This article discusses Poland's involvement in the acquisition of colonial territories outside Europe. You may also be looking for: territorial changes of Poland or polonization.

Poland never formally had any colonial territories, but over its history the acquisition of such territories was contemplated and at times attempted. The closest Poland came to acquiring such territories was indirectly through the actions of the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, a fief of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, which briefly controlled some colonial territories.

Between World War I and World War II, the government of the Second Polish Republic and Polish business entities considered Brazil, Peru, Angola, Liberia, Mozambique, Tanganyika, Cameroon, and Madagascar as possible venues for colonization. Although lands in these countries were purchased and some Polish emigration took place, formal colonization did not materialize. The Maritime and Colonial League was a major player in promoting settlement and colonization in these areas.

Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth

The Polish nobility was interested in colonies as early as the mid-16th century. In a contractual agreement, signed with king Henri de Valois (see also Henrician Articles), the szlachta secured permission to settle in some oversea territories of the Kingdom of France, but after de Valois's decision to opt for the crown of France and return to his homeland, the idea was abandoned.^[1]

Duchy of Courland and Semigallia

On the basis of the Union of Vilnius (28 November 1561), Gotthard Kettler, the last Master of the Livonian Order, created the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia in the Baltics and became its first Duke. It was a vassal state of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Soon afterward, by the Union of Lublin (1 July 1569), the Grand Duchy became the part of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth.^[2]

Some colonial territories for the Duchy of Courland and Semigallia were acquired by its third Duke and Gotthard's grandson Jacob Kettler. In his youth and during his studies abroad he was inspired by the wealth being brought back to various western European countries from their colonies. As a result, Kettler established one of the largest merchant fleets in Europe, with its main harbours in Windau (today Ventspils), and Libau (today Liepāja).^[2] The Commonwealth never concerned itself with the Duchy of Courland's colonial aspirations, even though in 1647 Kettler met with king Władysław IV Waza, and suggested creation of a joint trade company, which would be active in India. However, the ailing king was not interested, and Kettler decided to act on his own.^[1]

New Courland

Trinidad and Tobago on a world map

The first colony founded by Jacob was the New Courland (Neu-Kurland) on the Caribbean island of Tobago. However, three initial attempts to establish a settlement (in 1637, 1639 and 1642) failed. The fourth was founded in 1654, but eventually in 1659 was taken over by a competing Dutch colony, also founded on the island in 1654. Courland regained the island after the Treaty of Oliva in 1660 but abandoned it in 1666. It briefly attempted to reestablish colonies there again in 1668 and in 1680 (that lasted to 1683). The final attempt in 1686 lasted till 1690.^[2]

Gambia

Courland settlements in Africa

In 1651 Courland bought James Island (then called St. Andrews Island by the Europeans) from a local tribe, establishing Fort James there and renaming the island. Courland also took other local land including St. Mary Island (modern day Banjul) and Fort Jillifree. The colony exported sugar, tobacco, coffee, cotton, ginger, indigo, rum, cocoa, tortoise shells, tropical birds and their feathers. The governors had very good relations with the locals, but were in conflict with other European powers, primarily Denmark, Sweden, and England. England eventually took over Courland's African territories in 1661.^[2]

Toco

The final Courish attempt to establish a colony involved the settlement near modern Toco on Trinidad, Lesser Antilles.^[2]

Partitioned Poland

Cameroon expedition

In 1882, almost a century after Poland was partitioned and lost its independence, Polish nobleman and officer of Russian Imperial Fleet, Stefan Szolc-Rogoziński organized an expedition to Cameroon.^[3][4] Officially that was an exploration expedition, but unofficially the expedition was looking for a place a Polish colony could be founded.^[5] He had no official support from the Russian Empire, nor from its puppet Congress Poland, but was backed by a number of influential Poles, including Boleslaw Prus, and Henryk Sienkiewicz. On 13 December 1882, accompanied by Leopold Janikowski and Klemens Tomczek, Rogoziński left French port of Le Havre, aboard a ship Lucja Malgorzata, with French and Polish flags. The expedition was a failure, and he returned to Europe, trying to collect more money for his project. Finally, after second expedition, Rogoziński found himself in Paris, where he died 1 December 1896.

Meanwhile, Cameroon was being taken over by Germany and Great Britain. In 1884 Rogoziński signed an agreement with a British representative, who was to provide protection to his settlement, but next year, at the Congress of Berlin, Great Britain ceded its Cameroon possessions to Germany (see Kamerun).

Second Polish Republic

Poland regained independence in the aftermath of World War I. While colonization was never a major focus of the Second Polish Republic, certain organizations like the Maritime and Colonial League supported the idea of creating Polish colonies. The Maritime and Colonial League traces its origins to the Polska Bandera (Polish Banner) organization founded on 1 October 1918.^[6] The League supported purchases of lands by Polish emigrants in places like Brazil and Liberia.^[6] The League became highly influential in shaping the government's policies with regards to Polish Merchant Marine, despite its long and ongoing campaign (publications, exhibitions, speeches, lobbying, etc.) and public support, it has however never succeeded in following up with its plans to obtain a colonial territory for Poland.^[6] Furthermore, in 1926, Colonial Society (Towarzystwo Kolonizacyjne) was founded in Warsaw. Its task was to direct Polish emigrants to South America, and the Society soon became active there, mostly in Brazilian state of Espirito Santo.^[7]

Some historians, such as Tadeusz Piotrowski, have characterized government policies supporting interwar Polish settlement in modern-day Ukraine and Belarus as colonization (see Osadnik).^[8]

The following regions were considered for Polish colonization during the interwar period:

• Brazil (Paraná region): Polish emigration to that region began even before WWI, in the 1930s approximately 150,000 Poles lived there (18.3% of local inhabitants). Government-sponsored settlement action began there in 1933, after the Maritime and Colonial League, together with other organizations, had bought a total of 250,000 hectares of land. Brazilian government, fearing that the Poles might plan to annex part of Brazil, reacted very quickly, limiting activities of Polish organizations. Since the government in Warsaw did not want to intervene, the project ended by late 1930s^[1] See also: Polish minority in Brazil
• Peru (near Ucayali River): positively sassed in 1927. In January 1928, Polish expedition headed for the area of the Ucayali, to check possibilities of creation of settlements for farmers on several thousand hectares of rainforest. Soon afterward, first settlers arrived in Peru, but because of the Great Crisis, the government in Warsaw ceased to fund the action. Private donations were insufficient, furthermore, the first settlers discovered the local condition to be much worse than advertised. In 1933, the contract with the Peruvians was terminated, and to avoid international scandal, all settlers returned to Poland.^[9]
• Angola: On 14 December 1928, the Maritime and Colonial League sent an expedition to Angola, which was then a Portuguese colony. The plan was to try to bring as many Polish immigrants as possible, and then try to purchase some land from the Portuguese. However, after five years, one of the first pioneers in Angola, Michal Zamoyski, wrote: "Personally, I would not persuade anybody to live in Angola". Living conditions were difficult, profits were marginal, and the idea was abandoned.^[1]
• Liberia: Liberian and Polish governments had good relations because of Polish support for Liberia in the League of Nations. In the fall of 1932, the League of Nations drafted a plan which projected turning Liberia into a protectorate, governed by one of members of the League. The plan was the result of internal policies of Liberia, where slavery was widespread. Since Poland was not regarded by the Liberians as a country which had colonial aspirations, in late 1932 unofficial envoy of Liberian government, dr Leo Sajous, came to Warsaw to ask for help. On April 1933, an agreement was signed between Liberia and the Maritime and Colonial League. The Africans agreed to lease minimum of 60 hectares of land to Polish farmers, for a period of 50 years. Polish businesses were awarded the status of the most favoured nation, and Warsaw was permitted to found a society to exploit natural resources of Liberia. Liberian government invited settlers from Poland in 1934. Altogether, the Liberians granted to Polish settlers 50 plantations, with total area of 7,500 acres (3,035 ha). In the second half of 1934, six Polish farmers left for Liberia: Gizycki, Szablowski, Brudzinski, Chmielewski, Januszewicz and Armin. Their efforts were described in a book "From Lwow to Liberia" by prof. Jan Hirschler, published in March 1939 by Ksiaznica Atlas Publishing House. The project was not supported by the Polish government, only by the Maritime League; only few dozens of Poles took on that offer (because of Liberian requests that the settlers should bring significant capital) and their ventures proved to be, on the most part, unprofitable. The original of the agreement has been lost, and according to some sources, there was a secret protocol, which allowed Poland to draft 100,000 African soldiers. The plan was harshly criticized by the United States of America, creator of the nation of Liberia. As a result of American pressure, in 1938, Polish Ministry of Foreign Affairs closed the office of the Maritime and Colonial League in Monrovia.^[1]
• Mozambique: plans for colonization of Mozambique were tied to business investments by some Polish enterprise near the late 1930s and never progressed beyond normal foreign investment (acquisition of agricultural lands and mines).
• Madagascar: another plan for acquiring the French colony of Madagascar by the Polish government was discussed in 1926, but the idea was deemed to be unfeasible.^[10] The idea was revisited in the 1930s, when it was proposed that Polish Jews, who were perceived to dominate the Polish professions, be encouraged to emigrate. At one point, Polish foreign minister Józef Beck bluntly proposed that Madagascar be used as a "dumping ground" for Poland's "surplus" Jewish population.^[11] The Polish government proposed the concept of Jewish emigration to Madagascar to the League of Nations in 1936 and sent a delegation to evaluate the island in 1937.^[11] France, seeking to strengthen its ties with Poland and discourage Polish-German cooperation, participated in the venture,^[11] which included the French official Marcel Moutet. Warsaw sent a special delegation to Madagascar, under major of the Polish Army Mieczyslaw Lepecki. The plan is variously described as having come to nought shortly after the 1937 expedition ^[12] or as being terminated by the German Invasion of Poland in September 1939.^[13]

• Tanganyika and Cameroon: Various Polish authors, unsupported by the government, expressed interests in this region on the grounds that they were in part discovered by Stephan Szolc-Rogozinski and that Europe owed a general debt to Poland for the Polish-Soviet War.^[14]
• Palestine was also considered as a destination for Polish Jews. Colonel Josef Beck, then Minister of Foreign Affairs, supported the concept.

See also

• Morska Wola
• Haren, Germany

Notes

1. Polska na koloniach, Focus magazine, 07/05/09
2. (Polish) Dariusz Kołodziejczyk, CZY RZECZPOSPOLITA MIAŁA KOLONIE W AFRYCE I AMERYCE?, Mówią wieki
3. EXPEDITION Out to Sea, 4 September 2003, Warsaw Voice
4. Rogoziński Stefan, Encyklopedia WIEM
5. (Polish) Stefan Szolc-Rogoziński (1861-1896)
6. (English) Taras Hunczak, Polish Colonial Ambitions in the Inter-War Period, Slavic Review, Vol. 26, No. 4 (Dec., 1967), pp. 648-656, JSTOR
7. Jerzy Mazurek. Kraj a emigracja: ruch ludowy wobec wychodźstwa chłopskiego, page 151
8. Tadeusz Piotrowski (1998). Poland's holocaust: ethnic strife, collaboration with occupying forces and genocide in the Second Republic, 1918-1947. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-7864-0371-4.
9. Jerzy Mazurek. Kraj a emigracja: ruch ludowy wobec wychodźstwa chłopskiego, page 152
10. "Madagascar Plan". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 2009-10-15.
11. Vicki Caron (1999). Uneasy Asylum: France and the Jewish Refugee Crisis, 1933-1942. Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-4377-8.
12. Joseph Marcus (1983). Social and political history of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-90-279-3239-6.
13. Michal Jarnecki, Madagascar in Polish Colonial Ideas and Plans, published in Nationalities Affairs (28/2006)
14. Raymond Leslie Buell (2007). Poland - Key to Europe. READ BOOKS. ISBN 978-1-4067-4564-1.

External links

• (Polish) Marek Arpad Kowalski, Kolonie Rzeczypospolitej, Opcja na Prawo, Nr. 7