Hedera helix

Hedera helix
Adult leaves and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Asterids
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Genus: Hedera
Species: H. helix
Binomial name
Hedera helix
L.

Hedera helix (common ivy, English ivy, European ivy, or just ivy) is a species of flowering plant in the family Araliaceae, native to most of Europe and western Asia. A rampant, clinging evergreen vine, it is a familiar sight in gardens, waste spaces, on house walls, tree trunks and in wild areas across its native habitat. It is labeled as an invasive species in a number of areas where it has been introduced.

Etymology

Hedera is the generic term for ivy. The specific epithet helix derives from Ancient Greek "twist, turn" (see: Helix).[1]

Synonyms

Synonyms include Hedera acuta, Hedera arborea ("tree ivy"),[2] Hedera baccifera, Hedera grandifolia,[3] bindwood, and lovestone.

Description

Ivy growing on a granite crag, Czech Republic.
Stems showing the rootlets used to cling to walls and tree trunks.

Hedera helix is an evergreen climbing plant, growing to 20–30 m (66–98 ft) high where suitable surfaces (trees, cliffs, walls) are available, and also growing as groundcover where no vertical surfaces occur. It climbs by means of aerial rootlets with matted pads which cling strongly to the substrate. The ability to climb on surfaces varies with the plants variety and other factors: Hedera helix prefers non-reflective, darker and rough surfaces with near-neutral pH. It generally thrives in a wide range of soil-pH with 6.5 being ideal, prefers moist, shady locations and avoids exposure to direct sunlight, the latter promoting drying out in winter.[4]

The leaves are alternate, 50–100 mm (2–4 in) long, with a 15–20 mm (0.6–0.8 in) petiole; they are of two types, with palmately five-lobed juvenile leaves on creeping and climbing stems, and unlobed cordate adult leaves on fertile flowering stems exposed to full sun, usually high in the crowns of trees or the top of rock faces.

The flowers are produced from late summer until late autumn, individually small, in 3-to-5 cm-diameter (1.2-to-2.0 in) umbels, greenish-yellow, and very rich in nectar, an important late autumn food source for bees and other insects.

The fruit are purple-black to orange-yellow berries 6–8 mm (0.2–0.3 in) in diameter, ripening in late winter,[5] and are an important food for many birds, though somewhat poisonous to humans.

One to five seeds are in each berry, which are dispersed after being eaten by birds.[6][7][8]

The three subspecies are:[6][9]

H. h. helix
central, northern and western Europe, plants without rhizomes, purple-black ripe fruit
H. h. poetarum Nyman (syn. Hedera chrysocarpa Walsh)
southeast Europe and southwest Asia (Italy, Balkans, Turkey), plants without rhizomes, orange-yellow ripe fruit
H. h. rhizomatifera McAllister
southeast Spain, plants rhizomatiferous, purple-black ripe fruit

The closely related species Hedera canariensis and Hedera hibernica are also often treated as subspecies of H. helix,[8][10] though they differ in chromosome number so do not hybridise readily.[7] H. helix can be best distinguished by the shape and colour of its leaf trichomes, usually smaller and slightly more deeply lobed leaves and somewhat less vigorous growth, though identification is often not easy.[8][11]

Range

Common ivy clinging on a London plane tree in Agde.

It ranges from Ireland northeast to southern Scandinavia, south to Portugal, and east to Ukraine and Iran and northern Turkey.

The northern and eastern limits are at about the −2 °C (28 °F) winter isotherm, while to the west and southwest, it is replaced by other species of ivy.[6][7][8][9][10][12] Hedera helix itself is much more winter-hardy and survives temperatures of −23.3 °C (−9.9 °F) (USDA Zone 6a) and above.[13]

Cultivation and uses

Ivy-covered entrance to Malbork Castle.

It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant. Within its native range, the species is greatly valued for attracting wildlife. The flowers are visited by over 70 species of nectar-feeding insects, and the berries eaten by at least 16 species of birds. The foliage provides dense evergreen shelter, and is also browsed by deer.[6][14]

In Europe, it is frequently planted to cover walls[15] and the government recommends growing it on buildings for its ability to cool the interior in summer, while providing insulation in winter, as well as protecting the covered building from soil moisture, temperature fluctuations and direct exposure to heavy weather.[16] Further uses include weed suppression in plantings, beautifying unsightly facades and providing additional green by growing on tree trunks.

Over 30 cultivars have been selected for such traits as yellow, white, variegated (e.g. 'Glacier'), and/or deeply lobed leaves (e.g. 'Sagittifolia'), purple stems, and slow, dwarfed growth.[17]

The following cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:

  • 'Glacier'[22]
  • 'Goldchild'[23]
  • 'Manda's Crested'[24]      

Ethnomedical uses

Ivy extracts are part of current cough medicines.[28] In the past, the leaves and berries were taken orally as an expectorant to treat cough and bronchitis.[29] In 1597, the British herbalist John Gerard recommended water infused with ivy leaves as a wash for sore or watering eyes.[30] The leaves can cause severe contact dermatitis in some people.[31][32] People who have this allergy (strictly a type IV hypersensitivity) are also likely to react to carrots and other members of the Apiaceae as they contain the same allergen, falcarinol.

Invasive species

Like other exotic species, ivy has predominantly been spread to areas by human action. H. helix is labeled as an invasive species in many parts of the United States, and its sale or import is banned in the state of Oregon.[33]

Laurus nobilis and Ilex aquifolium are widespread relicts of the laurisilva forests that originally covered much of the Mediterranean Basin when the climate of the region was more humid during the tertiary era. Having disappeared during the glaciation, Ivy is believed to have been spread back across the continent by birds once the continent warmed up again.[34] With a great capacity for adaptation, Ivy will grow wherever development conditions and habitat similar to that of its European origins exist, occurring as opportunistic species across a wide distribution with close vicariant relatives and few species, indicating recent speciation.

Australia

Hedera in Hyde Park, Sydney used decoratively as underplanting

It is considered a noxious weed across southern, particularly south-eastern, Australia and local councils provide free information and limited services for removal. In some councils it is illegal to sell the plant. It is a weed in the Australian state of Victoria.[35]

New Zealand

H. helix has been listed as an "environmental weed" by the Department of Conservation since 1990.[36]

United States

In the United States, H. helix is considered weedy or invasive in a number of regions and is on the official noxious weed lists in Oregon and Washington.[37] Like other invasive vines such as kudzu, H. helix can grow to choke out other plants and create "ivy deserts". State- and county-sponsored efforts are encouraging the destruction of ivy in forests of the Pacific Northwest and the Southern United States.[38][39] Its sale or import is banned in Oregon.[40] Ivy can easily escape from cultivated gardens and invade nearby parks, forests and other natural areas.

Control and eradication

Ivy should not be planted or encouraged in areas where it is invasive. Where it is established, it is very difficult to control or eradicate. In the absence of active and ongoing measures to control its growth, it tends to crowd out all other plants, including shrubs and trees.

Damage to trees

Ivy can climb into the canopy of young or small trees in such density that the trees fall over from the weight,[39] a problem which does not normally occur in its native range.[6] In its mature form, dense ivy can destroy habitat for native wildlife and creates large sections of solid ivy where no other plants can develop.[39]

Use as building facade green

As with any self-climbing facade green, some care is required to make best use of the positive effects: Ivy covering the walls of an old building is a familiar and often attractive sight. It has insulating as well as weather protection benefits, dries the soil and prevents wet walls, but can be problematic if not managed correctly.

Ivy, and especially European ivy (H. helix) grows vigorously and clings by means of fibrous roots, which develop along the entire length of the stems. These are difficult to remove, leaving an unsightly "footprint" on walls, and possibly resulting in expensive resurfacing work. Additionally, ivy can quickly invade gutters and roofspaces, lifting tiles and causing blockages. It also harbors mice and other unwelcome creatures. The plants have to be cut off at the base, and the stumps dug out or killed to prevent regrowth.[41]

Therefore, if a green facade is desired, this decision has to be made consciously, since later removal would be tedious.

References

  1. ↑ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners. United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 978-1-84533-731-5.
  2. ↑ Bean, W. J. (1978) Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles Volume 2.
  3. ↑ International Plant Names Index
  4. ↑ "Plants & Flowers—Hedera helix Jubilee". Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  5. ↑ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1-4053-3296-4.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Metcalfe, D. J. (2005). Biological Flora of the British Isles no. 268 Hedera helix L. Journal of Ecology 93: 632–648.
  7. 1 2 3 McAllister, H. (1982). New work on ivies. Int. Dendrol. Soc. Yearbook 1981: 106-109.
  8. 1 2 3 4 Flora of NW Europe
  9. 1 2 Ackerfield, J. & Wen, J. (2002). A morphometric analysis of Hedera L. (the ivy genus, Araliaceae) and its taxonomic implications. Adansonia sér. 3, 24 (2): 197-212.
  10. 1 2 Flora Europaea: Hedera helix
  11. ↑ The Holly and the Ivy. Shropshire Botanical Society Newsletter Autumn 2000: page 14
  12. ↑ Stace, C. A. & Thompson, H. (1997). New Flora of the British Isles. Cambridge University Press ISBN 0-521-58935-5
  13. ↑ "Beliebte immergrüne winterharte Kletterpflanzen" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  14. ↑ Plant for Wildlife: Common Ivy (Hedera helix)
  15. ↑ "Efeu Hedera - ein Alleskönner" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  16. ↑ "Bauwerksbegrünung - Hinweise zum Energiesparen" (PDF) (in German). Bayerisches Staatsministerium für Wirtschaft und Medien, Energie und Technologie. September 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-08-20. Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  17. ↑ NCCPG Plant Heritage: The common ivy
  18. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Angularis aurea'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  19. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Caecilia'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  20. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Congesta'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  21. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Duckfoot'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  22. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Glacier'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  23. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Goldchild'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  24. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Manda's Crested'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  25. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Midas Touch'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  26. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Parsley Crested'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  27. ↑ "RHS Plant Selector - Hedera helix 'Spetchley'". Retrieved 21 June 2013.
  28. ↑ "BRONCHOSTAD© Hustenlöser-Tropfen - STADA" (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-20.
  29. ↑ Bown. D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Herbs and their Uses. Dorling Kindersley, London. ISBN 0-7513-0203-1
  30. ↑ Gerard, John; Woodward, Marcus (ed.) (1985). Gerard's Herbal: The History of Plants. New York: Crescent Books. ISBN 0-517-46470-5
  31. ↑ Jøhnke, H & Bjarnason, B. (1994). Contact dermatitis allergy to common ivy (Hedera helix L.). Ugeskr. Laeger 156 (25): 3778–3779. Abstract
  32. ↑ Boyle, J. & Harman, R. M. H. (2006). Contact dermatitis to Hedera helix (Common Ivy). Contact Dermatitis 12 (2): 111–112. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.1985.tb01067.x
  33. ↑ Oregon bans sale of English ivy, butterfly bushes
  34. ↑ University of Georgia - Center for Invasive Species and Ecosystem Health. "English ivy, Hedera helix (Apiales: Araliaceae)". invasive.org.
  35. ↑ "English Ivy (Hedera helix)". The State of Victoria. Retrieved 17 September 2010.
  36. ↑ Howell, Clayson (May 2008). Consolidated list of environmental weeds in New Zealand (PDF). DRDS292. Wellington: Department of Conservation. ISBN 978-0-478-14413-0. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  37. ↑ USDA Plants Profile: Hedera helix
  38. ↑ "Ivy chasers in a league of their own". Pamplin Media Group.
  39. 1 2 3 Controlling English Ivy Arlington County, Virginia Department of Parks, Recreation and Community Resources.
  40. ↑ Controlling English Ivy. Northwest Coalition for Alternatives to Pesticides.
  41. ↑ "Ivy on buildings". Royal Horticultural Society. Retrieved 21 June 2013.

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