Syringa vulgaris

Common lilac
Flowers and leaves of S. vulgaris
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
(unranked):	Angiosperms
(unranked):	Eudicots
(unranked):	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Oleaceae
Genus:	Syringa
Species:	S. vulgaris
Binomial name
Syringa vulgaris L.

Syringa vulgaris (lilac or common lilac) is a species of flowering plant in the olive family Oleaceae, native to the Balkan Peninsula, where it grows on rocky hills.^[1][2][3] This species is widely cultivated as an ornamental and has been naturalized in other parts of Europe (UK, France, Germany, Italy, etc.), as well as much of North America. It is not regarded as an aggressive species, found in the wild in widely scattered sites, usually in the vicinity of past or present human habitations.^[4][5][6]

Description

S. vulgaris is a large deciduous shrub or multistemmed small tree, growing to 6–7 m (20–23 ft) high, producing secondary shoots ("suckers") from the base or roots, with stem diameters up to 20 cm (8 in), which in the course of decades may produce a small clonal thicket.^[7] The bark is grey to grey-brown, smooth on young stems, longitudinally furrowed, and flaking on older stems. The leaves are simple, 4–12 cm (2–5 in) and 3–8 cm broad, light green to glaucous, oval to cordate, with pinnate leaf venation, a mucronate apex, and an entire margin. They are arranged in opposite pairs or occasionally in whorls of three. The flowers have a tubular base to the corolla 6–10 mm long with an open four-lobed apex 5–8 mm across, usually lilac to mauve, occasionally white. They are arranged in dense, terminal panicles 8–18 cm (3–7 in) long. The fruit is a dry, smooth, brown capsule, 1–2 cm long, splitting in two to release the two-winged seeds.^[1][8]

Taxonomy and naming

Syringa vulgaris was first formally described by Carl Linnaeus in 1753 and the description was published in Species Plantarum.^[9][10] The specific epithet (vulgaris) is a Latin word meaning "common" or "usual".^[11]

Garden history

Lilacs — both S. vulgaris and S. × persica the finer, smaller "Persian lilac", now considered a natural hybrid — were introduced into European gardens at the end of the 16th century, from Ottoman gardens, not through botanists exploring the Balkan habitats of S. vulgaris.^[12] The Holy Roman Emperor's ambassador, Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq, is generally credited with supplying lilac slips to Carolus Clusius, about 1562. Well-connected botanists, such as the great herbalist John Gerard, soon had the rarity in their gardens: Gerard noted that he had lilacs growing “in very great plenty” in 1597, but lilacs were not mentioned by Shakespeare,^[13] and John Loudon was of the opinion that the Persian lilac had been introduced into English gardens by John Tradescant the elder.^[14] Tradescant's Continental source for information on the lilac, and perhaps ultimately for the plants, was Pietro Andrea Mattioli, as one can tell from a unique copy of Tradescant's plant list in his Lambeth garden, an adjunct of his Musaeum Tradescantianum; it was printed, though probably not published, in 1634: it lists Lilac Matthioli. That Tradescant's "lilac of Mattioli's" was a white one is shown by Elias Ashmole's manuscript list, Trees found in Mrs Tredescants Ground when it came into my possession (1662):^[15] "Syringa alba".

In the American colonies, lilacs were introduced in the 18th century. Peter Collinson, F.R.S., wrote to the Pennsylvania gardener and botanist John Bartram, proposing to send him some, and remarked that John Custis of Virginia had a fine "collection", which Ann Leighton interpreted as signifying common and Persian lilacs, in both purple and white, "the entire range of lilacs possible" at the time.^[16]

Cultivation

The lilac is a very popular ornamental plant in gardens and parks, because of its attractive, sweet-smelling flowers, which appear in early summer just before many of the roses and other summer flowers come into bloom.^[17]

In late summer, lilacs can be attacked by powdery mildew, specifically Erysiphe syringae, one of the Erysiphaceae.^[18] No fall color is seen and the seed clusters have no aesthetic appeal.

Common lilac tends to flower profusely in alternate years, a habit that can be improved by deadheading the flower clusters after the color has faded and before seeds, few of which are fertile, form. At the same time, twiggy growth on shoots that have flowered more than once or twice can be cut to a strong, outward-growing side shoot.

It is widely naturalised in western and northern Europe.^[8] In a sign of its complete naturalization in North America, it has been selected as the state flower of the state of New Hampshire, because it "is symbolic of that hardy character of the men and women of the Granite State".^[19] Additional hardiness, for Canadian gardens, was bred for in a series of S. vulgaris hybrids by Isabella Preston, who introduced many of the later-blooming varieties, whose later-developing flower buds are better protected from late spring frosts; the Syringa x prestoniae hybrids range primarily in the pink and lavender shades.^[20]

Cultivars

Most garden plants of S. vulgaris are cultivars, the majority of which do not exceed 4–5 m (13–16 ft) tall.^[21] Between 1876 and 1927, the nurseryman Victor Lemoine of Nancy introduced over 153 named cultivars, many of which are considered classics and still in commerce today. Lemoine's "French lilacs" extended the limited color range to include deeper, more saturated hues, and they also introduced double-flowered "sports", with the stamens replaced by extra petals.

These cultivars have gained the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit:-

'Andenken an Ludwig Späth'[22]       'Firmament'[23] 'Katherine Havemeyer'[24]

'Madame Lemoine'[25] 'Vestale'[26]

Gallery

• 

  Flowers and heart-shaped leaves

• 

  S. vulgaris 'Alba'

• 

  S. vulgaris 'Charles Joly'

• 

  S. vulgaris 'Corondel'

• 

  S. vulgaris 'Etna'

• 

  S. vulgaris 'Mme. Francisque Morel'

• 

  S. vulgaris 'Maréchal Foch'

• 

  Lilac in flower

• 
• 
• 

  Wood of Syringa

• 

  Fasciation

• 

  Autumn foliage

See also

• Lilac (color)

References

1. Rushforth, K. (1999). Trees of Britain and Europe. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.
2. Med-Checklist: Syringa vulgaris
3. Flora Europaea: Syringa vulgaris
4. Biota of North America Program, Syringa vulgaris
5. Altervista Flora Italiana, Syringa vulgaris
6. Illinois wildflowers, common lilac, Syringa vulgaris
7. In second-growth woodlands of New England, a thicket of lilac may be the first indication of the cellar-hole of a vanished 19th-century timber-framed farmhouse.
8. Blamey, M. & Grey-Wilson, C. (1989). Flora of Britain and Northern Europe. ISBN 0-340-40170-2
9. International Organization for Plant Information (IOPI). "Plant Name Search Results" (HTML). International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
10. Linnaeus, Carl (1753). Species Plantarum (1 ed.). Stockholm: Laurentii Salvii. p. 9. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
11. "vulgaris". Wiktionary. Retrieved 27 December 2015.
12. The botanic homeland of S. vulgaris was identified in 1828, when naturalist Anton Rocher found truly wild specimens in Balkans .
13. Their first appearance by name in English print the OED dated to 1625.
14. Loudon, Arboretum (1838:49), noted in R.T. Gunther, Early British Botanists and their Gardens (Oxford: Frederick Hall) 1922:339.
15. Written in the endpapers of his copy of John Parkinson's Paradisus, in the Bodleian Library; printed in Gunther 1922:346
16. Ann Leighton, American Gardens in the Eighteenth Century (University of Massachusetts Press) 1986:445
17. RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 1405332964.
18. B. Ing, "An Introduction to British Powdery Mildews", in The Mycologist 5.1 (1990:24-27).
19. New Hampshire Revised Statute Annotated (RSA) 3:5
20. Chicago Botanic Garden
21. Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
22. "RHS Plant Selector - Syringa vulgaris 'Andenken an Ludwig Späth'". Retrieved 17 July 2013.
23. "RHS Plant Selector - Syringa vulgaris 'Firmament'". Retrieved 17 July 2013.
24. "RHS Plant Selector - Syringa vulgaris 'Katherine Havemeyer'". Retrieved 17 July 2013.
25. "RHS Plant Selector - Syringa vulgaris 'Madame Lemoine'". Retrieved 17 July 2013.
26. "RHS Plant Selector - Syringa vulgaris 'Vestale'". Retrieved 17 July 2013.

External links

•  "Lilac". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911.