Concepts (C++)

Concepts are an extension to C++'s templates, published as an ISO Technical Specification ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015.[1] They are named boolean predicates on template parameters, evaluated at compile time. A concept may be associated with a template (class template, function template, or member function of a class template), in which case it serves as a constraint: it limits the set of arguments that are accepted as template parameters.

The following is a declaration of the concept "EqualityComparable" from the concept-enabled C++ standard library (which is a separate ISO Technical Specification, ISO/IEC DTS 21425). This concept is satisfied by any type T such that for values a and b of type T, the expressions a==b and a!=b compile and their results are convertible to a type that satisfies the concept Boolean

template <class T>
concept bool EqualityComparable() { 
    return requires(T a, T b) {
        {a == b} -> Boolean; // Boolean is the concept defining a type usable in boolean context
        {a != b} -> Boolean;
    };
}

A function template constrained on this concept may be declared as follows:

void f(const EqualityComparable&); // constrained function template declaration

And may be called as usual

f("abc"s); // OK, std::string satisfies EqualityComparable

The main uses of concepts are:

Compiler diagnostics

If a programmer attempts to use a template argument that does not satisfy the requirements of the template, the compiler will generate an error. Such errors are often difficult to understand because the error is not reported in the context of the call, but rather in an internal, often deeply nested, implementation context where the type was used.

For example, std::sort requires that its first two arguments are random-access iterators. If an argument is not an iterator, or is an iterator of a different category, an error will occur when std::sort attempts to use its parameters as bidirectional iterators:

std::list<int> l = {2, 1, 3};
std::sort(l.begin(), l.end());

Typical compiler diagnostic without concepts is over 50 lines of output, beginning with a failure to compile an expression that attempts to subtract two iterators:

In instantiation of 'void std::__sort(_RandomAccessIterator, _RandomAccessIterator, _Compare) [with _RandomAccessIterator = std::_List_iterator<int>; _Compare = __gnu_cxx::__ops::_Iter_less_iter]':
error: no match for 'operator-' (operand types are 'std::_List_iterator<int>' and 'std::_List_iterator<int>')
std::__lg(__last - __first) * 2,

If concepts are used, the error can be detected and reported in the context of the call:

error: cannot call function 'void std::sort(_RAIter, _RAIter) [with _RAIter = std::_List_iterator<int>]'
note:   concept 'RandomAccessIterator()' was not satisfied

Overload resolution

Concepts can be used to choose function template overloads and class template specializations based on properties of their template arguments, as an alternative to SFINAE and tag dispatching. If an argument satisfies more than one concept, the overload associated with the more constrained concept is chosen.

Type deduction

Concepts may be used instead of the unconstrained type deduction placeholder auto in variable declarations and function return types:

auto x1 = f(y); // the type of x1 is deduced to whatever f returns
Sortable x2 = f(y); // the type of x2 is deduced, but only compiles if it satisfies Sortable

Implementation status

Concepts, as specified in ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015, are implemented in GCC 6.[2]

During the C++ standards committee meeting in March 2016, the evolution working group moved to merge Concepts into the mainline C++17 standard, but the motion was defeated in full committee.[3]

History

Previously, a different form of Concepts was proposed for inclusion in C++11, and was temporarily accepted into the working paper, but removed in 2009.[4] In addition to concepts themselves, it included concept maps (a feature that could make it possible, for example, for the concept Stack to accept std::vector, automatically mapping Stack function calls to vector function calls) and axioms (a facility to specify semantic properties such as associativity or commutativity, allowing the compilers to take advantage of these properties without proof). In contrast to this abandoned proposal, the current version of Concepts is sometimes referred to as "Concepts-Lite".[5]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ "ISO/IEC TS 19217:2015". ISO. 15 November 2015.
  2. ↑ "GCC 6 Release Series - Changes, New Features, and Fixes".
  3. ↑ Honermann, Tom (6 March 2016). "Why Concepts didn’t make C++17". honermann.net.
  4. ↑ Stroustrup, Bjarne (22 July 2009). "The C++0x "Remove Concepts" Decision". Dr. Dobbs.
  5. ↑ Sutton, Andrew (24 February 2013). "Concepts Lite: Constraining Templates with Predicates". isocpp.org.

References

External links


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