Congenital myasthenic syndrome

Congenital myasthenic syndrome
Classification and external resources
Specialty neurology
ICD-10 G70.2

Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is an inherited neuromuscular disorder caused by defects of several types at the neuromuscular junction. The effects of the disease are similar to Lambert-Eaton syndrome and myasthenia gravis, the difference being that CMS is not an autoimmune disorder.

Symptoms and categories

The types of CMS are classified into three categories: presynaptic, postsynaptic, and synaptic.

Onset symptoms for all ages may include droopy eyelids. A particular form of postsynaptic CMS (slow-channel CMS) includes severe weakness beginning in infancy or childhood that progresses and leads to loss of mobility and respiratory problems in adolescence or later life.

Mechanisms

Postsynaptic CMS

CMS is associated with genetic defects that affect proteins of the neuromuscular junction. Postsynaptic defects are the most frequent cause of CMS and often result in abnormalities in the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). In the neuromuscular junction there is a vital pathway that maintains synaptic structure and results in the aggregation and localization of AChR on the postsynaptic folds. This pathway consists of agrin, muscle-specific tyrosine kinase (MuSK), acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and the AChR-clustering protein rapsyn, encoded by the RAPSN gene. The vast majority of mutations causing CMS are found in the AChR subunits and rapsyn genes.[1]

Out of all mutations associated with CMS, more than half are mutations in one of the four genes encoding the adult acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subunits. Mutations of the AChR often result in endplate deficiency. Most of the mutations of the AChR are mutations of the CHRNE gene. The CHRNE gene codes for the epsilon subunit of the AChR. Most mutations are autosomal recessive loss-of-function mutations and as a result there is endplate AChR deficiency. CHRNE is associated with changing the kinetic properties of the AChR.[2] One type of mutation of the epsilon subunit of the AChR introduces an Arginine into the binding site at the α/ε subunit interface of the receptor. The addition of a cationic Arg into the anionic environment of the AChR binding site greatly reduces the kinetic properties of the receptor. The result of the newly introduced Arg is a 30-fold reduction of agonist affinity, 75-fold reduction of gating efficiency, and an extremely weakened channel opening probability. This type of mutation results in an extremely fatal form of CMS.[3]

Another common underlying mechanism of CMS is the mutation of the rapsyn protein, coded by the RAPSN gene. Rapsyn interacts directly with the AChRs and plays a vital role in agrin-induced clustering of the AChR. Without rapsyn, functional synapses cannot be created as the folds do not form properly. Patients with CMS-related mutations of the rapsyn protein typically are either homozygous for N88K or heterozygous for N88K and a second mutation. The major effect of the mutation N88K in rapsyn is to reduce the stability of AChR clusters. The second mutation can be a determining factor in the severity of the disease.[1]

Studies have shown that most patients with CMS that have rapsyn mutations carry the common mutation N88K on at least one allele. However, research has revealed that there is a small population of patients who do not carry the N88K mutation on either of their alleles, but instead have different mutations of the RAPSN gene that codes for rapsyn on both of their alleles. Two novel missense mutations that have been found are R164C and L283P and the result is a decrease in co-clustering of AChR with raspyn. A third mutation is the intronic base alteration IVS1-15C>A and it causes abnormal splicing of RAPSN RNA. These results show that diagnostic screening for CMS mutations of the RAPSN gene cannot be based exclusively on the detection of N88K mutations[4]

Dok-7 is a postsynaptic protein that binds and activates MuSK protein, which then leads to AChR clustering and typical folding of the postsynaptic membrane. Mutations of Dok-7 are another underlying mechanism of postsynaptic CMS.[5]

Diagnosis and treatment

Congenital myasthenic syndrome (CMS) is "often difficult to diagnose because of a broad differential diagnosis and lack of specific laboratory findings. Identification of the underlying mutation is critical, as certain mutations lead to treatment-responsive conditions while others do not."[6] Whole exome sequencing (WES) is often used as a diagnostic tool that allows for the "initiation of specific treatment".[6]

Treatment depends on the form (category) of the disease. Although symptoms are similar to myasthenia gravis, treatments used in MG are not useful in CMS. MG is treated with immunosuppressants, but CMS is not an autoimmune disorder. Instead, CMS is genetic and responds to other forms of drug treatments.

A form of presynaptic CMS is caused by an insufficient release of acetylcholine (ACh) and is treated with cholinesterase inhibitors.

Postsynaptic fast-channel CMS (ACh receptors do not stay open long enough) is treated with cholinesterase inhibitors and 3,4-diaminopyridine.[7][8] In the U.S., the more stable phosphate salt formulation of 3,4-diaminopyridine (amifampyridine) is under development as an orphan drug for CMS and is available to eligible patients at no cost under an expanded access program.[9][10][11][12][13]

Postsynaptic slow-channel CMS is treated with quinidine or fluoxetine, which plugs the ACh receptor.

Ephedrine has been tested on patients in clinical trials and appears to be an effective treatment for DOK7 CMS. Most patients tolerate this type of treatment and improvements in strength can be impressive. Further research must be done in order to determine the long-term response of ephedrine as well as the most effective dosage regimen. Ephedrine, also known as oral salbutamol, can lead to a profound improvement in muscle strength and an even more impressive effect on day-to-day function. The effect of ephedrine is delayed and the improvement occurs over a period of months.[5] Ephedrine was given at doses between 15 and 90 mg/day and as a result, muscle strength improved[14]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Cossins, J.; Burke, G.; Maxwell, S.; Spearman, H.; Man, S.; Kuks, J.; Vincent, A.; Palace, J.; Fuhrer, C.; Beeson, D. (2006). "Diverse molecular mechanisms involved in AChR deficiency due to rapsyn mutations". Brain 129 (10): 2773–2783. doi:10.1093/brain/awl219. PMID 16945936.
  2. ↑ Abicht, A.; Dusl, M.; Gallenmüller, C.; Guergueltcheva, V.; Schara, U.; Della Marina, A.; Wibbeler, E.; Almaras, S.; Mihaylova, V.; Von Der Hagen, M.; Huebner, A.; Chaouch, A.; Müller, J. S.; Lochmüller, H. (2012). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes: Achievements and limitations of phenotype-guided gene-after-gene sequencing in diagnostic practice: A study of 680 patients". Human Mutation 33 (10): 1474–1484. doi:10.1002/humu.22130. PMID 22678886.
  3. ↑ Shen, X. -M.; Brengman, J. M.; Edvardson, S.; Sine, S. M.; Engel, A. G. (2012). "Highly fatal fast-channel syndrome caused by AChR subunit mutation at the agonist binding site". Neurology 79 (5): 449–454. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e31825b5bda. PMC 3405251. PMID 22592360.
  4. ↑ Muller, J. S.; Baumeister, S. K.; Rasic, V. M.; Krause, S.; Todorovic, S.; Kugler, K.; Müller-Felber, W.; Abicht, A.; Lochmüller, H. (2006). "Impaired receptor clustering in congenital myasthenic syndrome with novel RAPSN mutations". Neurology 67 (7): 1159–1164. doi:10.1212/01.wnl.0000233837.79459.40. PMID 16931511.
  5. 1 2 Palace, J. (2012). "DOK7 congenital myasthenic syndrome". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1275: 49–53. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06779.x. PMID 23278577.
  6. 1 2 Alvin Das, Dimitri Agamanolis, Bruce Cohen (8 April 2014). "Use of Next-Generation Sequencing as a Diagnostic Tool for Congenital Myasthenic Syndrome.". Neurology 82 (10): 717–20. doi:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2014.07.032. PMID 25194721. Retrieved 12 September 2014. As with other rare childhood neurological conditions, CMS is often difficult to diagnose because of a broad differential diagnosis and lack of specific laboratory findings. Identification of the underlying mutation is critical, as certain mutations lead to treatment-responsive conditions while others do not. This case serves to highlight the importance of WES as a diagnostic tool that will assist in proper diagnosis, and in some circumstances, allow for initiation of specific treatment.
  7. ↑ Engel AG, et al. (April 2015). "Congenital myasthenic syndromes: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment.". Lancet Neurol 14 (4): 420–34. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70201-7. PMID 25792100.
  8. ↑ Engel AG, et al. "New horizons for congenital myasthenic syndromes.". Ann N Y Acad Sci 1275: 1275:54–62. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06803.x. PMC 3546605. PMID 23278578.
  9. ↑ Raust, JA; et al. (2007). "Stability studies of ionised and non-ionised 3,4-diaminopyridine: hypothesis of degradation pathways and chemical structure of degradation products.". J Pharm Biomed Anal. 43: 83–8. doi:10.1016/j.jpba.2006.06.007. PMID 16844337.
  10. ↑ http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/EPAR_-_Public_assessment_report/human/001032/WC500069918.pdf
  11. ↑
  12. ↑ , Muscular Dystrophy Association Press Release
  13. ↑ , Rare Disease Report
  14. ↑ Lashley, D.; Palace, J.; Jayawant, S.; Robb, S.; Beeson, D. (2010). "Ephedrine treatment in congenital myasthenic syndrome due to mutations in DOK7". Neurology 74 (19): 1517–1523. doi:10.1212/WNL.0b013e3181dd43bf. PMC 2875925. PMID 20458068.

External links

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