Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War

Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War
Motto Taxes for Peace not War
Formation 1979 (1979)
Type Non-governmental organization
Purpose Conscientious objection to military taxation
Headquarters London, United Kingdom
Website www.conscienceonline.org.uk
Formerly called
 The Peace Tax Campaign, Conscience The Peace Tax Campaign

Conscience: Taxes for Peace Not War is an advocacy group based in the United Kingdom. Primarily Conscience aims to change British tax law to allow conscientious objectors to military taxation to redirect their taxes to instead be spent on international peacebuilding, conflict management, conflict prevention and other non-violent interventions.[1] Quakers, Mennonites, Ba'hais, Buddhists, Jehovah’s Witnesses, Seventh Day Adventists and Haredim Jews all practice conscientious objection for reasons of faith and many others individuals do so for reasons of conscience, believing there is little moral difference between actually firing lethal weapons and paying someone else to do so. Conscience believes that to deny these individuals the right to redirect the military-spending portion of their taxes is to deny them freedom of religion and conscience as enshrined in various national and international human rights laws. Conscience has also campaigned around the management, transparency and utilisation of the Conflict Pool, a UK government fund which ‘seeks to reduce the impact of conflict and instability around the world’[2] mainly via non-military means, and its successor the Conflict, Stability and Security Fund. Most recently, the organisation has introduced a 'Taxes for Peace' bill to the British parliament, as 2016 is the centenary of the Military Service Act which was the first in the world to enshrine the right to conscientious objection in law.

History

The Peace Tax Campaign

Conscience began as The Peace Tax Campaign in 1979.[3] A Cornish Quaker, Stanley Keeble sought to establish the legal right to conscientious objection to military taxation, suggesting that the portion of tax that was used to fund the military should instead be used for peaceful purposes. He initially sent out a leaflet announcing the beginning of the Peace Tax Campaign, and began a campaign of letter writing, lectures and organising meetings to bring together those with similar ideas. People were actively encouraged to write to their MPs to change the law, something Conscience continues to do today. A letter to the Guardian newspaper signed by both MPs and religious leaders brought the campaign to national attention in 1981, leading to over 3,000 supporters and 50 local co-ordinators joining the campaign. In 1981 Alex Lyon MP put an amendment to the Finance Bill to allow those with a "conscientious objection to paying for expenditure on defence" to pay the military part of their taxes to the then Ministry of Overseas Development.[4] This, though unsuccessful, was the first attempt to enable such legislation in the UK. An Early Day Motion in 1982 to establish a Peace Fund to receive taxes diverted from military uses was supported by 31 MPs. Several international Peace Tax Campaign conferences were held by the group, the first in Germany in 1986.[5]

Conscience: The Peace Tax Campaign

The Peace Tax Campaign changed its name to "Conscience: The Peace Tax Campaign" in 1990. Conscience campaigned for a Parliamentary Bill in 1994 "to allow those who have a conscientious objection to the use of their taxes for military purposes to register their objection, and to divert this portion of their taxes into a non-military fund, to be used for the promotion of international understanding, study of the causes and resolution of conflict". The bill was supported by 45 Members of Parliament.[6]

Conscience also helped form Conscience and Peace Tax International (CPTI)[7] who worked with organisations from other countries to campaign for a Peace Tax. This included the UN where it now has consultative status.[8]

Conscience was one of the founders of the Peace & Security Liaison Group (PSLG) in 2004.[9] PSLG brought together other non-governmental organisations with similar aims, think-tanks, academics, and UK government officials to discuss international peace and security and sought to allow meetings between these groups and the UK government. PSLG aimed to deliver a more consistent approach to the formulation and implementation of policies which promote global peace and security. The PSLG roundtable meetings finished in 2010.

Shelia McKechnie Foundation Award

Conscience's Nick Wilson receives Shelia McKechnie Foundation Conflict Resolution Campaign Award from Prime Minister Gordon Brown at 10 Downing Street, July 2008

In 2008 Conscience was recognised for its campaigning work by the Shelia McKechnie Foundation. As Conscience: The Peace Tax Campaign, the organisation won the Sheila McKechnie (SMK) Foundation's Conflict Resolution Award.[10] The SMK Foundation Awards are presented to those who demonstrate commitment and effectiveness at tackling the root causes of injustice and inequality, of which conflict is one. Conscience was singled out for the award because of its work campaigning for the right of conscientious objection to be recognised in British tax law, and its promotion of peaceful methods of conflict resolution as an alternative to warfare. The award was presented by then Labour Prime Minister Gordon_Brown at 10 Downing Street[11] Other winners have included the White Ribbon Campaign, and Action on South Africa (ACTSA).[12]

Conscience: Taxes For Peace Not War

Conscience changed its name once again to Conscience: Taxes for Peace not War in 2009. The organisation moved towards campaigning for national security based upon soft (persuasive cultural), rather than hard (violent or economic), power. However, they still campaign for the legal right of conscientious objectors to have the part of their taxes that go on the military instead be spent on non-military aid.

Conscience was featured alongside Nelson Mandela, Caroline Lucas and Taha_Muhammad_Ali in an issue of The_Spokesman, the journal of the Bertrand_Russell_Peace_Foundation in 2014[13]

Controversies

In 2005, one of Conscience’s supporters, then Conservative Shadow Chancellor Oliver Letwin was criticised for his views. Letwin at the time was listed as a supporter on Conscience’s website along with over 75 other Members of Parliament. He received criticism from Conservative Lord Tebbit who said "The idea that we can pick and choose where our taxes are spent is just plain silly". Criticism also came from Labour’s then deputy election co-ordinator, Fraser Kemp who said "For Oliver Letwin to consider something that could threaten the defence of the realm is unbelievable".[14]

Campaigning Activity

Conflict Pool

The Conflict Pool was set up in 2001[15] as a way to fund conflict prevention and peacebuilding projects around the world. The fund had a budget of £300 million and is shared between the Department for International Development, the Foreign_and_Commonwealth_Office and the Ministry_of_Defence. The three governmental departments bid for money from the Conflict Pool to support various projects around the world.

The Conflict Pool has received criticism including from the Independent_Commission_for_Aid_Impact (ICAI) who published a critical report in 2012.[16] Around the time this report was published, Conscience began campaigning around the Conflict Pool. Although the Conflict Pool is not the Peace Tax that Conscience has been campaigning for, they have said in the past that "it is the closest such entity created by government so far".[17] Conscience lobbies for an increase in transparency in how the fund is being used and to stop further militarisation in order to keep the Pool being used for non-military security projects.[18] To this end a 2014 Early Day Motion was submitted to Parliament, which was supported by members of the Labour party, Green Party, Plaid Cymru, and the Social Democratic and Labour party.[19] In response to the criticisms found in the ICAI report, the Conflict Pool was replaced by the Conflict Stability and Security Fund (CSSF) in April 2015 with the recommendations in the ICAI report forming the model for the new fund.[20]

Conflict, Stability and Security Fund

The British Government provided more than £1 billion in 2015-16 for the new Conflict, Stability and Security Fund (CSSF).[21] The CSSF builds on the framework of the Conflict Pool by bringing together existing cross-departmental expertise and resources from across government.[22] The CSSF funds a broader range of activities to help prevent conflict that affects vulnerable people in the world’s poorest countries, and tackle threats to British security and interests from instability overseas. This will include actions the UK delivers directly or through third parties to help prevent conflict and instability, and support post-conflict reconciliation.

Priorities for the Fund are set by the Government’s National Security Council, [23] to ensure a stronger cross-departmental approach that draws on the synergy of defence, diplomacy, developmental assistance, security and intelligence. It is designed to enable the British Government to tackle the root causes of conflict abroad with various national and regional programmes including, developing human rights training, strengthening local police and judiciaries, and facilitating political reconciliation and local peace processes.

Taxes for Peace Bill

Conscientious objectors to military taxation believe that under the UK’s current tax system people are not able to express their freedom of thought, conscience, or religion by not paying for war.[24] Because modern wars are no longer fought with conscripted armies, but with highly-trained professional armies using high-tech weapons, paid for with taxes, and given Conscience's roots in the Quakers' conscientious objection movement,[25] the organisation believes that individuals are effectively conscripted into warfare through their tax money being used for military activity. Conscience campaigns for an update in UK law, so that people with a conscientious objection to war can have the part of their income taxes currently spent on military activity – approximately 6% – spent on peacebuilding and conflict prevention instead.[26]

Ruth Cadbury MP with the Conscience team at the launch of the Taxes for Peace Bill, 2nd March 2016

Conscience has campaigned for decades to build a Parliamentary coalition to support a 'Taxes for Peace Bill’ that would enable income tax payers to indicate their conscientious objection to military taxation and have that portion of their taxes currently spent on financing the Ministry of Defence redirected towards non-military forms of security. On the 2nd of March 2016, a century to the day after the introduction of the Military Service Act, Conscience introduced the Taxes for Peace Bill to the British parliament.[27] At the launch of the Bill, its sponsor Ruth Cadbury MP, speaking about the Trident nuclear weapons the UK currently operates, described how a weapon that

'... is specifically designed to end human life on a massive scale and destabilise our fragile environment has no place in any country which values its humanity. It’s a waste of our labourers’ talent, who should be building the next generation of homes, and a waste of the ingenuity of our engineers who should be building the next generation of renewable energy production.'[28]

The European Convention on Human Rights, the United Nations Declaration of Human Rights and the British Human Rights Act all enshrine the right to 'freedom of thought, conscience and religion' in law, therefore the approval of the Taxes for Peace Bill would bring British tax law in line with various national and international laws on individual liberty; given that the right to conscientious objection is enshrined in the Military Service Act of 1916, the Taxes for Peace Bill, if approved by parliament, would bring the rights of conscientious objectors in line with how wars are fought in the twenty-first century.

The only option for conscientious objectors to completely avoid paying for war at this stage is to either completely or partially withhold paying income tax, which risks prosecution and prison. As this system benefits no-one, least of all the taxpayer, Conscience will continue to campaign tirelessly for the right to conscientious objection to military taxation to be enshrined in law.

Publications

See also

References

  1. ↑ Andrew Sparrow, Political Correspondent (31 January 2005). "Letwin member of anti-war tax group". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  2. ↑ "Conflict Pool". www.gov.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  3. ↑ The Routledge Guide to British Political Archives: Sources since 1945|
  4. ↑ Records of the Peace Tax Campaign
  5. ↑ "Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics Since 1945". google.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  6. ↑ "Early day motion 304". UK Parliament. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  7. ↑ "Conscription: our bodies...or our money?". openDemocracy. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  8. ↑ United Nations - Applications for consultative status and requests for reclassification received from non-governmental organizations
  9. ↑ "Members of the NGO Peace and Security Liaison Group".
  10. ↑ "Campaigning Awards 2008 - Sheila McKechnie Foundation" (PDF). smk.org.uk. Retrieved 6 May 2016.
  11. ↑ "Nick Wilson, SMK's 2008 Conflict Resolution Award Winner.flv". YouTube. 24 November 2009. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  12. ↑ "Sheila McKechnie Foundation Campaigner Award".
  13. ↑ "The Spokesman". russfound.org. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  14. ↑ "Letwin Member of Anti-War Tax Group".
  15. ↑ Conflict Pool Strategic Guidance April 2013
  16. ↑ Mark Tran. "UK fund to prevent global conflict fails to make major impact". the Guardian. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  17. ↑ Tata Madiba (The Spokesman) - Gayle Kinkead – Refusing to pay for war, p.62, ISBN 978-0851248301
  18. ↑ Newsletter of the Gandhi Foundation - No.119 Spring 2014
  19. ↑ "Early day motion 350". UK Parliament. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  20. ↑ Independent Commission for Aid Impact: Annual Report to the House of Commons International Development Committee 2013-14
  21. ↑ "Conflict Stability and Security Fund Settlement".
  22. ↑ Conciliation Resources - Investing in long-term peace? The new Conflict, Stability and Security Fund
  23. ↑ Stabilisation Unit Business Plan 2014-15
  24. ↑ "BBC NEWS - UK - Wales - North West Wales - 'Peace tax' challenge fails". bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  25. ↑ "Remembering Those Who Refuse To Kill". The Huffington Post UK. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  26. ↑ "The Backbencher – Should We Allow Conscientious Objection to Military Taxation?". The Backbencher. Retrieved 7 March 2015.
  27. ↑ "Conscience: Taxes for Peace Bill".
  28. ↑ "Conscience lauches the Peace Tax Bill in parliament".

External links

  • Conflict Pool

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