Controversies in professional sumo

Professional sumo, having a long history, has no shortage of controversy, from proven allegations of match-fixing to hazing.

Match-fixing

Kiyoseumi was forced to retire after an investigation found him guilty of match-fixing.

Due to the hierarchical structure of the sport, where top ranked wrestlers have great advantages in salary and status over lower ranked wrestlers, speculation about the existence of match-fixing and isolated reports of match fixing have surfaced over the years.[1][2] The Japan Sumo Association repeatedly denied any wrestlers were involved in match-fixing, known as yaocho, and even took publishers to court over such allegations.[3][4]

However, in 2011, it was announced that an investigation by police had discovered cell phone text messages indicating that a number of matches had been fixed.[5] Allegedly, 14 wrestlers and a few stablemasters were involved. In the course of the investigation, several wrestlers eventually admitted to match-fixing for money.[3][6] As a consequence, the board of directors of the Japan Sumo Association decided in an extraordinary meeting to cancel the March 2011 tournament in Osaka, the first time this had happened since 1946.[7] In all, 14 wrestlers were judged guilty of match-fixing, to which most of them admitted involvement. All of the wrestlers judged to be involved were forced to retire.

The Japan Sumo Association's investigative panel stated in May 2011 that match-fixing appears to have been widespread. The panel stated that it would be difficult to discover, however, the full extent of the problem.[8]

One wrestler charged with match-fixing, Sōkokurai, strenuously denied any involvement and won a court case in early 2013 deeming his dimissal groundless. He was subsequently reinstated by the JSA, and was reinstated in the July 2013 tournament to the top division.[9]

Gambling and yakuza ties

On July 4, 2010, the Japan Sumo Association announced its decision to dismiss the ōzeki Kotomitsuki and the stable master Ōtake, former Takatōriki, for betting on baseball games in a gambling ring run by the yakuza.[10][11] At the same time, two stable masters were demoted and an unprecedented 18 wrestlers banned from the July 2010 tournament.[12]

Two months before the announcement, Japan's largest yakuza group, Yamaguchi-gumi, bought 50 prized seats during a tournament so that gangsters were prominently visible during the national broadcast of the match. According to experts, this was an endeavor to cheer up an incarcerated boss.[12] Although there have always been alleged ties between sumo and the yakuza, the sport has suffered from waning public interest and sponsorship during the economic recession, which may have contributed to closer ties to the underworld for financial support.

Hazing

It has been well-known and accepted for many years that sumo stables engage in the systematic hazing and physical punishment of young disciples in order to "toughen them up".[13] Stable masters have often been proud to show to the media how they frequently use a shinai to beat those who make mistakes, and elder rikishi are often put in charge of bullying younger ones to keep them in line, for instance, by making them hold heavy objects for long periods of time.[13] However, this system of hazing was widely criticized in late 2007 when a hazing scandal came to light, in which a 17-year-old-sumo trainee named Takashi Saito from the Tokitsukaze stable died after a serious bullying incident involving his stablemaster Junichi Yamamoto hitting him in the head with a large beer bottle and fellow rikishi being subsequently ordered to physically abuse him further. The stablemaster and three other wrestlers who were involved were arrested in February 2008, after which Japanese Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda demanded the Sumo Association take steps to ensure such an incident never happens again.[14] In May 2009, Yamamoto was sentenced to six years in jail.[15]

Women and sumo

Professional sumo is notable for its exclusion of women from competition and ceremonies. Women are not allowed to enter or touch the sumo wrestling ring (dohyō), as this is traditionally seen to be a violation of the purity of the dohyō.[16] The female Governor of Osaka from 2000–2008, Fusae Ohta, when called upon to present the Governor's Prize to the champion of the annual Osaka tournament, was required to do so on the walkway beside the ring or send a male representative in her place. She repeatedly challenged the Sumo Association's policy by requesting to be allowed to fulfill her traditional role as Governor. Her requests were repeatedly rejected until she stepped down from office.

The view of those who criticize this continuing "men-only" policy is that it is discriminatory and oppressive.[16] In general, women in the sumo world are only expected to be supportive wives of rikishi, and, in the case that their husband has become a stable master, a surrogate mother for all of his disciples.[13] The view of the Sumo Association is that this is a tradition that has been firmly maintained through the centuries, so it would be a dishonor to all of their ancestors to change it.[16]

This was not always the case. Starting as early as the 18th century a form of female sumo or onnazumo was performed in some areas of Japan. In the cities it was more of a spectacle often associated with brothels. However, in some areas of Japan female sumo had a serious role in certain Shinto rituals. In later years, there were limited tours of female sumo that lasted for a time.[17] However, female sumo is not considered to be authentic by most Japanese and is now prohibited from taking place beyond amateur settings.[18]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Hongo, Jun, "Sumo-rigging born of necessity?", Japan Times, February 9, 2011, p. 3.
  2. ↑ Kyodo News, "Ex-sumo attendant says match-fixing nothing new", Japan Times, February 10, 2011, p. 1.
  3. 1 2 Martin, Alex, and Mizuho Aoki, "Are fixed bouts final nail in sumo coffin?", Japan Times, February 4, 2011, p. 2.
  4. ↑ Alford, Peter (October 4, 2008). "Ex-sumo wrestler claims bout-fixing is rife". The Australian. Retrieved October 4, 2008.
  5. ↑ Buerk, Roland, "Japan's sumo hit by match-fixing claims", BBC News, 2 February 2010. Retrieved February 4, 2010.
  6. ↑ Hongo, Jun, and Natsuko Fukue, "Three admit to throwing sumo bouts", Japan Times, 4 February 2011, p. 1.
  7. ↑ Shilling, Mark (February 6, 2011). "Bout-rigging scandal sidelines sumo tourney". Variety. Retrieved February 7, 2011.
  8. ↑ Kyodo News, "Sumo panel concedes match-fixing deep-rooted", Japan Times, May 20, 2011, p. 2.
  9. ↑ "JSA won’t appeal court ruling to reinstate Sokukurai". Japan Times. 4 April 2013. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  10. ↑ "Top sumo wrestler fired over illegal gambling". BBC. July 4, 2010. Retrieved August 31, 2010.
  11. ↑ Fackler, Martin (July 4, 2010). "Sumo Figures Barred in Japan for Gambling". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  12. 1 2 Fackler, Martin (July 5, 2010). "Sumo's Ties to Japan Underworld Go Beyond Limits". The New York Times. Retrieved July 6, 2010.
  13. 1 2 3 Hall, Mina (1997). The Big Book of Sumo: History, Practice, Ritual, Fight. Stone Bridge Press. ISBN 1-880656-28-0.
  14. ↑ Jackson, Steve (February 8, 2008). "Japan PM angry over Sumo death". BBC. Retrieved February 8, 2008.
  15. ↑ "Sumo trainer jailed over killing". BBC News. May 29, 2009. Retrieved June 1, 2009.
  16. 1 2 3 "ReDotPop Sumo". PopMatters. April 5, 2000. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
  17. ↑ Ikkai, Chie (2003). "Women's Sumo Wrestling in Japan" (PDF). International Journal of Sport and Health Science 1 (1): 178–181. doi:10.5432/ijshs.1.178. Retrieved July 30, 2010.
  18. ↑ "An Inside Look at Shin Sumo". Eastwest Lifestyle. June 2005. Archived from the original on November 10, 2009. Retrieved March 12, 2008.
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