Validation of marriage
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In Catholic canon law, a validation of marriage or convalidation of marriage is the validation of a Catholic putative marriage. A putative marriage is one when at least one party to the marriage wrongly believes it to be valid.[1] Validation involves the removal of a canonical impediment, or its dispensation, or the removal of defective consent.[2][3] However, the children of a putative marriage are legitimate.[4]
Dispensation
The Pope or a bishop can give a dispensation to an impediment, giving the marriage retroactive validation called radical sanation or sanatio in radice (Latin: "healing in the root"). Some impediments can only be dispensed by the pope, while all others can be dispensed by the pope or a bishop.[5]
Sanatio in radice retroactively dispenses the impediment and makes a putative marriage valid from the time the sanatio is granted.[6] The sanatio revalidates a marriage by reason of a consent formerly given, but ineffective because of an impediment.[6] When the impediment is removed or dispensed, the consent is ipso facto ratified and no renovation is required. In such a case, it is requisite that the consent of both parties to the marriage had not ceased and that their marriage had had the external appearance of a true marriage.
Renewal of consent
If the impediment to a marriage is a defective consent by one or both parties, a simple renewal of consent removes the impediment and can effect validation.[2]
When a couple has received a dispensation, the partners may validate the marriage by a simple renewal of consent according to canonical form as a new act of the will.[7] When the impediment had affected only one of the parties and the other was unaware of the impediment, only the one aware of the impediment must renew consent.[7] If the impediment is known to both parties, or the impediment is public, then a public renewal of consent by both parties is required.[8]
References
Bibliography
Code of Canon Law - Wm. Woestman, Canon Law of the Sacraments for Parish Ministry, Ottawa 2007.
This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Validation of Marriage". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton.