Chalcopyrite

Chalcopyrite
Twinned chalcopyrite crystal from the Camp Bird Mine, Ouray County, Colorado. Crystal is about 1 cm x 1 cm.
General
Category	Sulfide mineral
Formula (repeating unit)	CuFeS2
Strunz classification	02.CB.10a
Crystal symmetry	Tetragonal 42m – scalenohedral
Unit cell	a = 5.289 Å, c = 10.423 Å; Z = 4
Identification
Formula mass	183.54
Color	Brass yellow, may have iridescent purplish tarnish.
Crystal habit	Predominantly the disphenoid and resembles a tetrahedron, commonly massive, and sometimes botryoidal.
Crystal system	Tetragonal Scalenohedral 42m
Twinning	Penetration twins
Cleavage	Indistinct on {011}
Fracture	Irregular to uneven
Tenacity	Brittle
Mohs scale hardness	3.5
Luster	Metallic
Streak	Greenish black
Diaphaneity	Opaque
Specific gravity	4.1 – 4.3
Solubility	Soluble in HNO3
Other characteristics	magnetic on heating
References	[1][2][3][4][5]

Chalcopyrite (/ˌkælkəˈpaɪraɪt, -koʊ-/^[6][7] KAL-ko-PY-ryt) is a copper iron sulfide mineral that crystallizes in the tetragonal system. It has the chemical formula CuFeS₂. It has a brassy to golden yellow color and a hardness of 3.5 to 4 on the Mohs scale. Its streak is diagnostic as green tinged black.

On exposure to air, chalcopyrite oxidises to a variety of oxides, hydroxides and sulfates. Associated copper minerals include the sulfides bornite (Cu₅FeS₄), chalcocite (Cu₂S), covellite (CuS), digenite (Cu₉S₅); carbonates such as malachite and azurite, and rarely oxides such as cuprite (Cu₂O). Chalcopyrite is rarely found in association with native copper.

Chemistry

Natural chalcopyrite has no solid solution series with any other sulfide minerals. There is limited substitution of Zn with Cu despite chalcopyrite having the same crystal structure as sphalerite.

Minor amounts of elements such as Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn can be measured (at part per million levels), likely substituting for Cu and Fe. Selenium, Bi, Te, and As may substitute for sulfur in minor amounts.^[8]

Paragenesis

Brass-yellow chalcopyrite crystals below large striated pyrite cubes

Chalcopyrite is present with many ore-bearing environments via a variety of ore forming processes.

Chalcopyrite is present in volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits and sedimentary exhalative deposits, formed by deposition of copper during hydrothermal circulation. Chalcopyrite is concentrated in this environment via fluid transport.

Porphyry copper ore deposits are formed by concentration of copper within a granite stock during the ascent and crystallisation of a magma. Chalcopyrite in this environment is produced by concentration within a magmatic system.

Chalcopyrite is an accessory mineral in Kambalda type komatiitic nickel ore deposits, formed from an immiscible sulfide liquid in sulfide-saturated ultramafic lavas. In this environment chalcopyrite is formed by a sulfide liquid stripping copper from an immiscible silicate liquid.

Occurrence

Chalcopyrite is the most important copper ore. Chalcopyrite ore occurs in a variety of ore types, from huge masses as at Timmins, Ontario, to irregular veins and disseminations associated with granitic to dioritic intrusives as in the porphyry copper deposits of Broken Hill, the American cordillera and the Andes. The largest deposit of nearly pure chalcopyrite ever discovered in Canada was at the southern end of the Temagami Greenstone Belt where Copperfields Mine extracted the high-grade copper.^[9]

Chalcopyrite is present in the supergiant Olympic Dam Cu-Au-U deposit in South Australia.

Chalcopyrite may also be found in coal seams associated with pyrite nodules, and as disseminations in carbonate sedimentary rocks.

Structure

The unit cell of chalcopyrite. Copper is shown in pink, iron in blue and sulfur in yellow.

Crystallographically the structure of chalcopyrite is closely related to that of zinc blende ZnS (sphalerite). The unit cell is twice as large, reflecting an alternation of Cu⁺ and Fe³⁺ ions replacing Zn²⁺ ions in adjacent cells. In contrast to the pyrite structure chalcopyrite has single S²⁻ sulfide anions rather than disulfide pairs. Another difference is that the iron cation is not diamagnetic low spin Fe(II) as in pyrite.

See also

• Classification of minerals
• List of minerals
• Kesterite

References

1. Klein, Cornelis and Cornelius S. Hurlbut, Jr., Manual of Mineralogy, Wiley, 20th ed., 1985, pp. 277 – 278 ISBN 0-471-80580-7
2. Palache, C., H. Berman, and C. Frondel (1944) Dana’s system of mineralogy, (7th edition), v. I, 219–224
3. Chalcopyrite on Mindat.org
4. Chalcopyrite data on Webmineral.com
5. Chalcopyrite in the Handbook of Mineralogy
6. "Chalcopyrite". OxfordDictionaries.com. OUP. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
7. "Chalcopyrite". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved 2016-01-21.
8. Dare, Sarah A. S.; Barnes, Sarah-Jane; Prichard, Hazel M.; Fisher, Peter C. (2 March 2011). "Chalcophile and platinum-group element (PGE) concentrations in the sulfide minerals from the McCreedy East deposit, Sudbury, Canada, and the origin of PGE in pyrite". Mineralium Deposita 46 (4): 381–407. doi:10.1007/s00126-011-0336-9.
9. Barnes, Michael (2008). More Than Free Gold. Renfrew, Ontario: General Store Publishing House. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-897113-90-5. Retrieved 2015-08-02.