Corrosion inhibitor

A corrosion inhibitor is a chemical compound that, when added to a liquid or gas, decreases the corrosion rate of a material, typically a metal or an alloy.^[1] The effectiveness of a corrosion inhibitor depends on fluid composition, quantity of water, and flow regime. A common mechanism for inhibiting corrosion involves formation of a coating, often a passivation layer, which prevents access of the corrosive substance to the metal. Permanent treatments such as chrome plating are not generally considered inhibitors, however. Instead corrosion inhibitors are additives to the fluids that surround the metal or related object.

Corrosion inhibitors and their role

The nature of the corrosive inhibitor depends on (i) the material being protected, which are most commonly metal objects, and (ii) on the corrosive agent(s) to be neutralized. The corrosive agents are generally oxygen, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide. Oxygen is generally removed by reductive inhibitors such as amines and hydrazines:

O₂ + N₂H₄ → 2 H₂O + N₂

In this example, hydrazine converts oxygen, a common corrosive agent, to water, which is generally benign. Related inhibitors of oxygen corrosion are hexamine, phenylenediamine, and dimethylethanolamine, and their derivatives. Antioxidants such as sulfite and ascorbic acid are sometimes used. Some corrosion inhibitors form a passivating coating on the surface by chemisorption. Benzotriazole is one such species used to protect copper. For lubrication, zinc dithiophosphates are common - they deposit sulfide on surfaces.

Benzotriazole inhibits corrosion of copper by forming an inert layer of this polymer on the metal's surface.

The suitability of any given chemical for a task in hand depends on many factors, including their operating temperature.

Illustrative applications

• Volatile amines are used in boilers to minimize the effects of acid. In some cases, the amines form a protective film on the steel surface and, at the same time, act as an anodic inhibitor. An inhibitor that acts both in a cathodic and anodic manner is termed a mixed inhibitor.
• Benzotriazole inhibits the corrosion and staining of copper surfaces.^[2]
• Corrosion inhibitors are often added to paints. A pigment with anticorrosive properties is zinc phosphate. Compounds derived from tannic acid or zinc salts of organonitrogens (e.g. Alcophor 827) can be used together with anticorrosive pigments. Other corrosion inhibitors are Anticor 70, Albaex, Ferrophos, and Molywhite MZAP.
• Antiseptics are used to counter microbial corrosion. Benzalkonium chloride is commonly used in oil field industry.
• In oil refineries, hydrogen sulfide can corrode steels so it is removed often using air and amines by conversion to polysulfides.

Fuels industry

Corrosion inhibitors are commonly added to coolants, fuels, hydraulic fluids, boiler water, engine oil, and many other fluids used in industry. For fuels, various corrosion inhibitors can be used. Some components include zinc dithiophosphates.^[3]

• DCI-4A, widely used in commercial and military jet fuels, acts also as a lubricity additive. Can be also used for gasolines and other distillate fuels.
• DCI-6A, for motor gasoline and distillate fuels, and for U.S. military fuels (JP-4, JP-5, JP-8)
• DCI-11, for alcohols and gasolines containing oxygenates
• DCI-28, for very low-pH alcohols and gasolines containing oxygenates
• DCI-30, for gasoline and distillate fuels, excellent for pipeline transfers and storage, caustic-resistant
• DMA-4 (solution of alkylaminophosphate in kerosene), for petroleum distillates

See also

• Oil additive
• Centrifuge
• Truscon Laboratories
• Volatile Corrosion Inhibitor

References

1. Hubert Gräfen, Elmar-Manfred Horn, Hartmut Schlecker, Helmut Schindler "Corrosion" Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim, 2002. doi:10.1002/14356007.b01_08
2. M. Finšgarand and I. Milošev "Inhibition of copper corrosion by 1,2,3-benzotriazole: A review" Corrosion Science 2010, Volume 52, Pages 2737-2749 doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2010.05.002
3. Octel-Starreon Refinery Fuel Additives Corrosion Inhibitors for hydrocarbon fuels - corrosion inhibitor and corrosion protection to fuel distribution system

External links

• Corrosion Control Informations and documents
• Developing Corrosion Inhibitor Models - A paper on Corrosion Inhibition Modeling
• CORROSION INHIBITION, Norman Hackerman,(August, 2006), Electrochemistry Encyclopedia