House of Rapperswil

Lordship (County) of Rapperswil
Herrschaft (Grafschaft) Rapperswil
State of the Holy Roman Empire
←
1220–1464 →
Juliusbanner (1512) Coat of arms
Capital Rapperswil
Government Principality
Historical era Middle Ages, Early Modern period
 • Rapperswil founded 1229 (official date)
 •  Lordship established ca 1233 1220
 • Inherited by counts of
    Habsburg-Laufenburg
1309–58
 • Purchased liberty from
    Austria
1415–58
 • Allied with Habsburg
    and Zürich
    in the Old Zürich War

1440–46
 • Condominium of the
    Old Swiss Confederacy
1458–1798
 •  Annexed to Helvetic
    canton of Linth
1798 1464
 • Joined St Gallen February 19, 1803

The House of Rapperswil respectively Counts of Rapperswil (Grafen von Rapperwil since 1233, before Lords) ruled the upper Zürichsee and Seedamm region around Rapperswil and parts of, as of today, Swiss cantons of St. Gallen, Glarus, Zürich and Graubünden when their influence was most extensive around the 1200s until the 1290s. They acted also as Vogt of the most influential Einsiedeln Abbey in the 12th and 13th century, and at least three abbots of Einsiedeln were members of Rapperswil family.

History

Early history

In 697 legends mentions a knight called Raprecht in connection with the later Grynau Castle. The former seat of the Vogt in Altendorf was first mentioned as "Rahprehteswilare" in a document of emperor Otto II, in which goods of the Einsiedeln abbey were confirmed on 14 August 972.[1]

Rapperswil Castle and the neighbouring parish church
Grynau Tower
Uster Castle
Uster castle and St. Andreas Church, first mentioned in 1099
Ritterhaus Bubikon
Greifensee Castle
Weesen Nunnery
Wettingen Abbey
Wurmsbach Abbey

The fourth Abbot of Einsiedeln, Wirunt (996–1026), or Wirendus, Wirund, Wem, Wirand, Verendus, was according to 15th-century chronists a Graf von Wandelburg of the Rapperswil family. Wandelburg may be another name of the Grynau Castle at the Buechberg hill on Obersee lake shore. According to the abbey's archives there are no reliable sources about Wirunt's origin.[2] Other unreliable sources mention that Rudolf I (1090–1101) the 9th abbot was a member of the Rapperswil family.[3] Ulrich I von Rapperswil (1192–1206) became the 14th abbot of Einsiedeln.[4]

In 1099 first mentioned, the donation of the St. Andreas Church was given by the House of Rapperswil as a spacious three-naved country church. The assumably legal connection with the church situated above the Uster Castle, due to the archaeological investigations of 1982 so far is not proven,[5] but the pastoral rights were sold by Elisabeth von Rapperswil not earlier than 1300.[6] Some fortifications, among them in Greifensee, Uster and Alt-Rapperswil were built probably in the early 12th century by members of the family. The Vogts of Rapperswil were persons of influence in the so-called Marchenstreit between the people of Schwyz and the Einsiedeln abbey beginning around 1100. Around 1180 the lords of Rapperswil inherit the parish rights of Weisslingen and free float in Russikon, Erisberg, Luckhausen, Moosburg and in Kempthal, as well as the castles Greifenberg and Bernegg, and the bailiwick of Kempten in the area around the Töss Valley respectively in Eastern Switzerland.

Assumably in compensation of claims related to the Alt-Rapperswil lands and rights, a change of goods occurred to establish the Bubikon Commandry, given by the Counts of Toggenburg and by the Counts of Rapperswil between 1191 and 1198. Although in concurrency to the neighbouring Rüti Abbey that was founded in 1206, the commandery's lands and goods grew with donations by local noble families during the 13th and 14th centuries.

Counts of Rapperswil

The house (lords) of Rapperswil was first mentioned before 1192 in a large numbers of documents, for the last time around 1206 related to the abbot Rudolf of (Alt)-Rapperswil, and since 1233 as Grafen (counts) of Rapprechtswilare.[7] As between 1192 and 1220 documentary mentions of the family are widely missing, the modern research assumes that the original lineage is extinct and subsequently a dispute over inheritance may be broken. Therefore, the historians use the term Alt-Rapperswil (old line) and Neu-Rapperswil (new line). Likewise, it is assumed that there were strong family ties with the houses of Regensberg, Kyburg and Toggenburg (see Members of the family), that may have been involved in the dispute over the inheritance.

Nevertheless, around 1200 the Rapperswil Castle and the fortifications of the former locus Endingen (given by the Einsiedeln abbey) were built by Rudolf II and his son Rudolf III of Rapperswil. Officially in 1229, the town of Rapperswil was founded when the nobility of Rapperswil moved from Altendorf across the lake to Rapperswil, and a wave of foundations is documented: Wettingen Abbey in 1227,[8] and the Mariazell-Wurmsbach Abbey in 1259. On 28 August 1232 a document confirms an exchange of goods between members of the noble families of Kyburg and Rapperswil in the villages of Oberwesin and Niderwesin that were in the possession of Kyburg to 1264 respectively of Rapperwil to 1283, the nucleus of the monastic community "in den Wyden", a community of lay women or beguines which was Count Rudolf IV von Rapperswil donated certain duties,[9][10] and lands "in den Widen" to establish the Dominikanerinnenkloster Maria Zuflucht in 1259. Initially, the community was supported by Predigerkloster Zürich because its close relationship to the House of Rapperswil.[11]

On the peninsula at Oberbollingen, the St. Nicholas Chapel is mentioned, where around 1229 a small Cistercian (first associated with the Rüti Abbey) monastery was established; in 1267 it was united with the nearby Mariazell-Wurmsbach nunnery. St. Martin Busskirch is one of the oldest churches around the Lake Zürich and was until 1229 the parish church of the family. There even the citizens of Rapperswil had to attend services, until Count Rudolf II of Rapperswil built the Stadtpfarrkirche on Herrenberg next to the Rapperswil castle on the Lindenhof hill.

Alleged drinking saddle of Countess Elisabeth von Rapperswil

At that time, the House of Rapperswil had possessions in what is now Eastern and Central Switzerland. They bore the title of count from 1233, as a partisan of the Staufer kings. Besides also the Urseren valley in 1240, and since the 13th centuries, Lützelau island has belonged to the family, later to the community of Rapperswil (now called Ortsbürgergemeinde); its sandstone was used to build the Rapperswil castle, the parish church and the town walls. The house of Rapperswil became extinct again in 1283, with the death of the 18-year-old Count Rudolf V, after which emperor Rudolf I acquired their fiefs, and the family had to sold large parts of the former bailiwick. Great parts of the remaining property of the Herrschaft Rapperswil passed to the house of Homberg, represented by Count Ludwig († April 27, 1289) by first marriage of Elisabeth von Rapperswil and their son, Wernher von Homberg. Around 1309 the remaining bailiwick's rights passed to Count Rudolf († 1315) of Habsburg-Laufenburg by second marriage of Elisabeth of Rapperswil, the sister of Rudolf V, followed by her son, Count Johann I († 1337) and his son, Johann II († 1380).[12]

Rapperswil-Habsburg-Laufenburg

Feud between the former city councils of Zürich and Brun's regime from 1336 to 1350

On 12 July 1336 Rudolf Brun, mayor of the city of Zürich, defeated his political opponents, the former members of the Rat (council) of Zürich, of which around 12 members found refuge by count Johann I in Rapperswil.[13] The feud (German: Fehde) of the so-called Äusseres Zürich coalition was supported by the Rapperswil bailywick, some knights and noble families, and Count Johann became the leader of the opposition in the city of Zürich. Latter was supported among others by the House of Toggenburg as its military arm, as well as by the Einsiedeln Abbey which supported Brun's regime.[14] The counselors hoped for support by Count Johann and offered probably in return the forgiveness of debt of Rapperswil, as some sources hypothesize.[15] Some, if not most of the refugees, were decades before their exile vassals of the Counts of Rapperswil, including the ancient councilors family Bilgeri those members lost six of their seats in the council of Zürich. Johann I was killed in 1337 in the course of a battle at the Grynau Castle against Zürich-Toggenburg troops.

Count Johann's children – Johann II, the oldest of three sons, Rudolf and Gotfrid (and their sister Agnes) – were set under guardianship of Albrecht, Duke of Austria, sealed by a document between the city of Zürich and the German King respectively Duke Albrecht on 21 November 1337. The document included also a peace contract and regulations, but as well as the documents in the following years − between the city of Zürich and Austria – It included among others: Johann's children got the documents related to their rights in Raprechtswile and their possessions in the March (Alt-Rapperswil) area. Furthermore, the document also included the Zürich councils (äussere Bürger) who refuged to Rapperswil and financial compensations by the former councils to Brun's entourage, they remained banned until 1342, and the äussere former councils had to pledge allegiance to the King and to the citizenry of Zürich. In compensation, the goods and lands of the äussere former councils had to be refund by the innere (meaning the Guild councils), as long as their property was not sold (by Brun's entourage). These restrictions also included Johann I's children – the German king had to vouch for Brun's regime, Duke Albrecht for Rapperswil and the underage Rapperswils Counts.[16] The feud was continued Johann II in the late 1340s,[14] but there also were a short time alliance with the city of Zürich: On 28 September 1343 Count Johann II and his brothers Rudolf and Gotfried von Habsburg and the citizens of Rapperswil signed a document for an eternal confederacy with the city council and the citizens of Zürich.[17][18] An attempted coup by the aristocratic opposition, known as äusseres Zürich, in Zürich was forcefully put down on 23/24 February 1350: Count Johann II, now the opposition's leader, was arrested for two years, and the town walls of Rapperswil, its castle and Altendorf castle were destroyed by Brun in 1350.

Peace agreement and exhange of goods to Habsburg-Austria

The peace agreement on the 1st of September 1352 between Count Albrecht von Oesterreich and the city of Zürich was adjusted by two furthers documents. The first one was the agreement between the Counts Hans (Johann II), Rudolf and Gotfrid, and the city of Zürich; it was sealed on 19 September 1352, and the brothers had to confirm among others that they will also condone their relatives who supported the city of Zürich.[19] The second document included that Johann's II imprisonment in Zürich shall be forgotten, all prisoners shall be relaeased, and even Count Albrecht would support the city of Zürich against the counts Johans, Rudolf und Gotfrid von Habsburg so needed, sealed by Markgraf Ludwig von Brandenburg on 23 September 1352.[20] Another document was related to the costs of the captivity of Rapperswil citizens in Zürich which was sealed on 20 May 1358 by relatives of the new lord Count Rudolf von Österreich in Rapreswile, namely Ott von Missouw, Fridrich von Waslze, Heinrich der Raspe, Heinrich der Brunner, Wolfgang von Winden, Johanse von Platzhein and Vogt Johans von Langenhart.[21]

Division of the estate between Count Johann I's children

The division of an estate between the Counts Rudolf, Gotfrid and Johan von Habsburg was regulated in a document on 1 July 1354:

  1. Johan received the town of Rapperswil with all accessories and what is on this side of Zürichsee (Lake Zürich); 110 pound annual interest on the tax from Glarus, who have pledged for 400 silver marks to the Dukes of Austria; the right to initiate all pledged assets at the right bank of the lake and the castle Greifenberg and the valley of Fischental.
  2. Rudolf received the city and castle of Laufenburg with all accessories; all pledged goods "inwendig und zwüschent or zuwendig" (literally: within and between or towards) the Aare river and the Aare gorge; the Sisgau county; an estate in Reinach which is pledged to Ulrich Tutman von Aarau; the mortgaged castle Herznach, and if Rudolf should trigger this pledge he has to pay to his sister Agnes, a nun in the Säckingen Abbey, an annuity of 14 marks of silver annually. He is committed to adhere debt of the three brothers by his personal property liability for the amount of 4300 Gulden.
  3. Gotfrid received Alt-Rapperswil with all accessories, the March and the Wägital area; the pledged property on the left bank of Zürichsee; the city of Rheinau and the Klettgau county with all accessories.
  4. Shared ownership of the three brothers were their feud; the Homberg castle and a good at Blanckenburg.
  5. Johan, Rudolf and Gotfrid confirmed that the division took place by mutual consent. In support, they ask her uncle Count Imer von Strassberg, the baron Hug von Gutenberg and knight Cuonrat Berensess who were present at the division to seal the document. Sealed by the three brothers and the three witnesses on 1 July 1354.[22]

The remains of the former Herrschaft Rapperswil – Rapperswil and some surrounding villages excluding Jona – were sold by Count Johann II and his brothers, Rudolf (IV) and Gottfried (II), to the Habsburg family and partially (Höfe) to the city of Zürich, as the house of Rapperswil was not able to rebuild the town and the destroyed castles – the rights passed over to Albrecht II, Duke of Habsburg-Austria.[23] All rights related to lands in the Höfe district including the settlements at Bäch, Pfäffikon and Wollerau were sold by Count Goetfrid von Habsburg-Rapperswil on 19 May 1358.[24]

Extinction

Although Countess Elisabeth von Rapperswil was able to continue the line and secured the Habsburg-Laufenburg line the extensive possessions of Rapperswil in Zürichgau. But the Homberg-Rapperswil line extinct with the death of Wernher von Homberg, and the Habsburg-Laufenburg line in 1408, when Johann IV von Habsburg-Laufenburg died without male heirs.

Counts of Rapperswil

House of Rapperswil

House of Homberg (in Schwyz)

House of Habsburg-Laufenburg (all other possessions)

Members of the House of Rapperswil

The genealogy is extremely patchy and incomplete, the family may be in fact estincted several times in the 'male line', estimated at least around 1190 and according to historical documents at 1283, even the female line was continued by Elisabeth von Rapperswil.

Family tree of Elisabeth von Rapperswil according to Heinrich Murer: B[eatae] Mariae Virg[inis] Marisstella, alias Wettingen, Frauenfeld, Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau, Y 115, around 1631.

The line of counts of Rapperswil may be counted back to 9th century, when their ancestors were called Counts of Wandelberg:

Line of the first counts of Wandelberg

House of Rapperswil

Houses of Homberg and Habsburg-Laufenburg

Literature

References

  1. ↑ "Geschichte" (in German). Gemeinde Altendorf. Retrieved 2014-11-08.
  2. 1 2 "4. Wirunt" (in German). Klosterarchiv Einsiedeln. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
  3. 1 2 "9. Ruldof I" (in German). Klosterarchiv Einsiedeln. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
  4. 1 2 "14. Ulrich I. von Rapperswil" (in German). Klosterarchiv Einsiedeln. Retrieved 2015-10-08.
  5. ↑ Bruno Schmid (2014-01-14). "Uster (Gemeinde)" (in German). HDS. Retrieved 2015-09-13.
  6. ↑ "Graf Rudolf III. und Elisabeth von Rapperswil" (in German). Argovia: Jahresschrift der Historischen Gesellschaft des Kantons Aargau 10/1879, in: retro.seals.ch. Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  7. ↑ Historisch-Biographisches Lexikon der Schweiz, Neuenburg 1929
  8. ↑ Heinrich Murer (2011-12-19). "Chronik des Klosters Wettingen von Heinrich Murer (1588-1638" (in Latin and German). e-codices.ch, Kantonsbibliothek Thurgau, Signatur: Y 115. Retrieved 2015-04-18.
  9. ↑ "Geschichte" (in German). Dominikanerinnenkloster Maria Zuflucht. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  10. ↑ Patric Schnitzer (2015-06-10). "Weesen" (in German). HLS. Retrieved 2015-10-17.
  11. ↑ Alfred Ehrensperger. "Der Gottesdienst im Appenzellerland und Sarganserland-Werdenberg: vor, während und nach der Reformation bis ca. 1700" (in German). Theologischer Verlag Zürich. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  12. ↑ Roger Sablonier: Die Grafen von Rapperswil: Kontroversen, neue Perspektiven und ein Ausblick auf die «Gründungszeit» der Eidgenossenschaft um 1300.
  13. ↑ "C I, Nr. 516 Bürgermeister Rudolf Brun, der Rat und die Bürger von Zürich verbannen 12 Mitglieder der gestürzten Regierung. (1336.07.18)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-09.
  14. 1 2 "23. Konrad II. von Gösgen" (in German). Einsiedeln Abbey. Retrieved 2015-08-08.
  15. ↑ "C I, Nr. 1443 Graf Johannes von Habsburg-Rapperswil erklärt, dass er Rat und Bürger von Zürich schadlos halten wolle wegen ihrer Bürgschaft für sein Anleihen von 65 Mark bei dem jüngern Brühund. 1328.06.11 (Dokument)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-03.
  16. ↑ "C I, Nr. 1447 Kaiser Ludwig und Herzog Albrecht von Österreich, Vogt der Kinder des verstorbenen Grafen Johans von Habsburg, vermitteln einen Vertrag zwischen den genannten Kindern und den Bürgern von Zürich. 1337.11.21 (Dokument)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-05.
  17. ↑ "B III 2 (S. 4 b - 4 c) Die Grafen Johans, Rudolf und Gotfrid von Habsburg, die gemeinsam mit dem Vogt, dem Rat und den Bürgern von Rapperswil m... (1343.09.28)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  18. ↑ "B III 2 (S. 4 e - 4 f) Die Grafen Johans und Rudolf von Habsburg bestätigen dem Bürgermeister, dem Rat und den Bürgern der Stadt Zürich, dass i... (1343.09.28)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  19. ↑ "C I, Nr. 1464 Hans, Rudolf und Gotfrid, Grafen von Habsburg, erklären, mit der Stadt Zürich und ihren Eidgenossen Frieden geschlossen ... (1352.09.19)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  20. ↑ "C I, Nr. 1476 a Vogt, Rat und Bürger der Stadt Rapperswil erklären, dass ihr Herr, Herzog Rudolf von Österreich, mit Bürgern von Zürich ... (1358.05.20)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  21. ↑ "C I, Nr. 1765 Graf Goetfrid von Habsburg erklärt, dass, wenn er Herzog Ruodolf von Österreich 400 MS gebe zur Ablösung der von ihm den... (1358.05.19)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  22. 1 2 "A 192.1, Nr. 1 (S. 29 ff.) Erbteilung zwischen den Grafen Rudolf, Gotfrid und Johans von Habsburg (1354.07.01)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  23. ↑ Georg Boner: Das Grafenhaus Rapperswil im letzten Jahrhundert seiner Geschichte, in: St. Galler Linthgebiet, Jahrbuch 1983, Rapperswil 1983, p. 10–20
  24. ↑ "C I, Nr. 1765 Graf Goetfrid von Habsburg erklärt, dass, wenn er Herzog Ruodolf von Österreich 400 MS gebe zur Ablösung der von ihm den... (1358.05.19)" (in German). Staatsarchiv des Kantons Zürich. Retrieved 2015-08-04.
  25. ↑ Wirand zu Wandelberg
  26. ↑ Rudolf zu Wandelberg
  27. ↑ Rudolf VII von Rapperswil
  28. ↑
  29. ↑ Rudolf II., Graf von Rapperswil
  30. ↑ Rudolf IV, count of Rapperswil
  31. ↑ Heinrich gen. Wandelberg
  32. ↑ Anna von Homberg
  33. ↑ N von Rapperswil
  34. ↑ Adelheid, Gräfin von Habsburg-Laufenburg
  35. ↑ Elisabeth von Habsburg-Laufenburg

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