Cowles Bog

Cowles Bog

Cowles Bog in the spring with high water.
Map showing the location of Cowles Bog

Location of Cowles Bog in Indiana

Location Porter County, Indiana, United States
Nearest city Michigan City, Indiana
Coordinates 41°38′15″N 87°05′32″W / 41.63750°N 87.09222°W / 41.63750; -87.09222Coordinates: 41°38′15″N 87°05′32″W / 41.63750°N 87.09222°W / 41.63750; -87.09222
Area Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore
Established 1966
Governing body National Park Service
Designated 1965

Cowles Bog is an 8,000-year-old fen in the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore, near Chesterton, Indiana. It is named for Dr. Henry Chandler Cowles who did his pioneering work in ecology and ecological succession here. His work brought international attention to the area which led to efforts to preserve the Indiana Dunes.[1][2] It was designated a National Natural Landmark in 1965.[3][4]

Preservation

Dr Cowles had been writing papers on plant succession for several years based on research he did in the area before he was part of the 1913 International Phytogeographical Excursion which brought other international scientists to the site. Dorothy Buell founded the Save the Dunes Council which led to the purchase of the bog.[1][2]

Location

The bog is located west of Mineral Springs Road. The general area is accessible by the Cowles Bog Trail of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. Parking is available at the trailhead, just before the guardhouse to Dune Acres. The trail does not lead into the bog, which is nearly inaccessible due to the nature of the plant life surrounding it. Dr. Cowles work included the bog and of the marshlands to the south of the trail and the dune slopes to the north of the trail.[4]

Soils

Cowles Bog is considered a fen, rather than a 'true' bog since it is more alkaline than a bog such as Pinhook Bog, also a part of the Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore. The main body of the bog is composed of muck created from marsh plants and the woody plants that have encroached into the area. Surrounding the bog proper is an area covered with a thin layer of leaf litter over a thin layer of topsoil. The area is moderately acidic. Wet depressions exist which reveal a substratum of Maumee soils, a loamy fine sand. These loamy sands extend southward through the marsh area. To the north the dunes consist of Plainfield fine sand, which is heavily oxidized.[4][5]

Vegetation

The bog is a wetland woods. In the 1960s, there was still a noticeable open bog. This has effectively closed. The woods is dominated by Red maple and Yellow birch. There are tamarack, Paper birch, and White pine, which together only reach numbers equal to the Red maple and Yellow birch separately. Immature trees exist in all the lower layers of the woods with the Red maple and Yellow birch still dominating.[4]

The Shrub layer is along the bog’s edge and fills the center area of the bog. Dominant here are spicebush and poison sumac. The predominance of poison sumac makes access to the bog very difficult. Additionally, there are quantities of witch hazel, red osier, grape and blackberry.[4]

At ground level, the herb layer includes columbine, boneset, jewel weed, nettle, twinberry, May apple, hispid greenbrier, meadow rue, narrow-leaved cattail and grape.[4]

Orchids are becoming increasingly more common as restoration work has been going on putting orchids back in their natural habitat. Purple pitcher plant (Sarracenia purpurea), while once common, has been poached from the area and no longer occurs.

Wildlife

The bog area primarily supports insect and bird life. Beavers have been known to inhabit the surrounding wetlands in 1988.[4]

Restoration

Since the early 1900s, when Dr. Cowles studied the 'bog', the land has been changing. The once diverse sedge meadow had been replaced by a monoculture of hybrid cattails. The National Park Service has identified that the changes which have caused this include: changes in seasonal water levels, water chemistry, changes in plant density, and changes in the soil and the seed banks. These changes have been the result of changes in the surrounding area, including the construction or roads and of drainage ditches. In 2009, the national lakeshore received a 3-year grant to begin the restoration of the bog.[5]

Cowles Bog Trail

The trail takes you along the northern edge of 'Cowles Bog'. The trail consist of three loops beginning at the Cowles Bog Trailhead parking area.[6] Lake Michigan can be reached on this trail in only 1.7 miles (2.7 km) by using the most direct route.

Cowles Research

See also

Sources

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cowles Bog.
  1. 1 2 Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2009). The Historical Roots of the Nature Conservancy in the Northwest Indiana/Chicagoland Region: From Science to Preservation. The South Shore Journal, 3. http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-3-2009/83-journals/vol-3-2009/75-the-historical-roots-of-the-nature-conservancy-in-the-northwest-indianachicagoland-region-from-science-to-preservation
  2. 1 2 Smith, S. & Mark, S. (2006). Alice Gray, Dorothy Buell, and Naomi Svihla: Preservationists of Ogden Dunes. The South Shore Journal, 1. http://www.southshorejournal.org/index.php/issues/volume-1-2006/78-journals/vol-1-2006/117-alice-gray-dorothy-buell-and-naomi-svihla-preservationists-of-ogden-dunes
  3. ↑ "National Natural Landmark: Cowles Bog". National Park Service. Retrieved 16 December 2012.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Natural Areas in Indiana and Their Preservation; Lindsey, Alton A., Damian V. Schmelz, Stanley A. Nichols; American Midland Naturalist, Dept of Biology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, 1969; pg 523-530
  5. 1 2 The Singing Sands; Vol. 30, NO. 2, Fall 2009; National Park Service, Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore; Porter, Indiana
  6. ↑ Indiana Dunes National Lakeshore; Cowles Bog Trail, National Park Service

External links

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