Microbrewery

Casks and kegs (mostly 9-gallon casks called firkins) outside the Castle Rock microbrewery in Nottingham, England

A microbrewery is a brewery that produces small amounts of beer, typically much smaller than large-scale corporate breweries, and is independently owned. Such breweries are generally characterized by their emphasis on quality, flavor and brewing technique.[1][2]

The microbrewing movement began in the United Kingdom in the 1970s although traditional artisanal brewing existed in Europe for centuries and subsequently spread to other countries. As the movement grew and some breweries expanded their production and distribution, the more encompassing concept of craft brewing emerged. A brewpub is a pub that brews its own beer for sale on the premises.[3]

Definitions

Microbrewery

Although the term "microbrewery" was originally used in relation to the size of breweries, it gradually came to reflect an alternative attitude and approach to brewing flexibility, adaptability, experimentation and customer service. The term and trend spread to the US in the 1980s and was eventually used as a designation of breweries that produce fewer than 15,000 U.S. beer barrels (1,800,000 liters; 460,000 U.S. gallons) annually.[4]

Microbreweries have adopted a marketing strategy that differs from those of the large, mass-market breweries, offering products that compete on the basis of quality and diversity instead of low price and advertising. Their influence has been much greater than their market share, which amounts to only 2% in the UK,[5] indicated by the introduction by large commercial breweries of new brands for the craft beer market. However, when the strategy failed, the corporate breweries invested in microbreweries or, in many cases, acquired them outright.

Microbreweries gradually appeared in other countries, such as New Zealand and Australia.

Craft beer and microbreweries were cited as the reason for a 15 million L drop in alcohol sales in New Zealand over 2012, with New Zealanders preferring higher-priced premium beers over cheaper brands.[6]

Nanobrewery

The website The Food Section defines a "nanobrewery" as "a scaled-down microbrewery, often run by a solo entrepreneur, that produces beer in small batches."[7] The US Department of the Treasury defines nanobreweries as "very small brewery operations" that produce beer for sale.[8]

A nanobrewery robot that brews beer was launched in 2015 by Brewbot from Northern Ireland. The brewing system is controlled using a smartphone.[9]

Craft brewery

A craft brewery

"Craft brewing" is a more encompassing term for developments in the industry succeeding the microbrewing movement of the late 20th century. The definition is not entirely consistent but typically applies to relatively small, independently-owned commercial breweries that employ traditional brewing methods and emphasize flavor and quality. The term is usually reserved for breweries established since the 1970s but may be used for older breweries with a similar focus.[3]

According to Russ Phillips, author of Canned!: Artwork of the Modern American Beer Can (2014),[10] the use of cans by craft brewers in the US has doubled since 2012, with over 500 companies using cans to package their beverages. Previously associated with the major brewing corporations, cans are now favored by craft brewers for numerous reasons: canned beer cools more quickly, beer-degrading light does not affect canned beer, canned beer is more portable since less room is required for storage or transportation, and cans have a greater surface area for wraparound designs and decorations.[11]

A representative of the Rhinegeist craft brewery, based in Cincinnati, Ohio, explained in June 2014 that the perception that bottles lead to a taste that is superior to canned beer is outdated, as most aluminum cans are lined with a polymer coating that protects the beer from the problematic metal. However, since drinking directly from a can may still result in a metallic taste, most craft brewers recommend pouring beer into a glass prior to consumption. In June 2014, the BA estimated 3% of craft beer is sold in cans, 60% is sold in bottles, and kegs represent the remainder of the market.[11]

Brewpub

Brewpub is an abbreviated term combining the ideas of a brewery and a pub or public-house. A brewpub can be a pub or restaurant that brews beer on the premises.

National distribution

Australia

Main article: Beer in Australia

Beer arrived in Australia at the beginning of British colonisation. In 2004, Australia was ranked fourth internationally in per capita beer consumption, at around 110 litres per year, though considerably lower in terms of total per capita alcohol consumption. The most popular beer style in modern-day Australia is lager. The oldest brewery still in operation is the Cascade Brewery, established in Tasmania in 1824. The largest Australian-owned brewery is the family-owned Coopers, as the other two major breweries, Foster's and Lion Nathan are owned by the British-South African SABMiller and the Japanese Kirin Brewing Company respectively. Foster's Lager is made mostly for export or under licence in other countries, particularly the UK.

Canada

Main article: Beer in Canada

In Canada, microbreweries flourished mostly on the West Coast, in Québec and Ontario, where a large domestic market was dominated by a few large companies. Many of Ontario's microbreweries subsequently formed the Ontario Craft Brewers association.

In 1984, changes to outdated liquor control laws allowed Paul Hadfield, a former architect, to open the Spinnakers Gastro Brewpub and Guesthouse in Victoria, British Columbia. Hadfield then expanded into "brew-inspired" jellies, chocolates, baked goods and vinegars.[12]

China

Microbreweries have also increased in number in Asia. China, the world's largest beer consumer as of July 2013, is home to a growing craft beer market, with brands such as Slowboat Brewery, Shanghai Brewery, and Boxing Cat Brewery.[13] Cambodia's first microbrewery, Kingdom Breweries, opened in 2009 and brews dark, pilsener, and lager beers. In Sri Lanka, over strict laws made it almost impossible for any craft beer to be brewed. On the remote East Coast, however, "Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer" managed to maintain a small, but popular brew pub. Established back in 1977 the Siam View Hotel escaped regulations due to the long civil war and its remoteness. For two years running, the Daily Telegraph[14] "Best of British" awarded the SVH the "Best Pub in Sri Lanka" medal.[15]

By July 2013, the number of brewpubs in Shanghai, China had doubled since 2010.[13]

General beer consumption reached 50 million liters in early 2013 and an increasing interest in craft beers developed accordingly. The Great Leap Brewing Company is one example of numerous microbreweries that have been recently established, with a localization strategy leading to the use of traditional Chinese ingredients and spices in the Beijing brand's beer production process. China's largest brewpub is located in Suzhou and is managed by the Taiwanese brewing company Le Ble D'or, while craft beer consumers are both ex-pats and native Chinese.[13]

France

Main article: Beer in France

In France, a chain of American-style brewpubs operate under the name Les 3 Brasseurs.[16] There is also a chain of about 7 brewpubs called Frog and Rosbif, which blend British and French traditions. ('Frog' is the English nickname for the French, and 'Rosbif' or roast beef the French nickname for the English).[17] The pubs are decorated in a broadly British style, and serve a selection of ales, stouts and wheat beer. Around 600 microbreweries are now presents in France.

Germany

Main article: Beer in Germany
Welsh Dragon motif of Felinfoel Village Micro-Brewery canned beer pioneers

Some, such as those in Germany, have been brewing traditionally for hundreds of years.In Germany, there were 901 small breweries in 2010. The Federal Statistical Office defines a small brewery as a brewery with a production of less than 5,000 hectoliters beer p.a. Small breweries pay a reduced beer tax.

A brewpub in Brussels

The total market share of the small breweries is less than 1%.[18] 638 of them have a production even less than 1,000 hl p.a. and can be considered as microbreweries in a narrow sense. The figures apply to commercial breweries only and do not include hobby brewing.

About one third of the small breweries have tradition going back up to 500 years, most of them in Franconia. About two thirds were founded in the last 25 years. The vast majority of small breweries operate in combination with a brewpub.

Former brewpub in Aufseß (Franconia, Germany)

Whereas in other countries, microbreweries and brewpubs have risen in reaction to the mass production and marketing of beer, in Germany, the traditional brewpub or Brauhaus remains a major source of beer. This is mainly true for the South of Germany, especially the state of Bavaria. Upper Franconia, a district in the Region Franconia in the north of Bavaria, has the highest density of breweries in the world. Upper Franconia has about one Million inhabitants and ca. 200 breweries. Many of them are microbreweries or brewpubs.[19]

Italy

Main article: Beer in Italy

In recent years, many microbreweries have opened in Italy, due to increasing beer popularity among young people.

Japan

Main article: Beer in Japan

An early boom in small regional microbreweries followed Japan's 1994 revision of tax laws allowing the establishment of smaller breweries producing 60,000 litres (13,000 imp gal; 16,000 US gal) per year. Before this change, breweries could not get a license without producing at least 2,000,000 liters (440,000 imp gal; 530,000 U.S. gal) per year.[20] Beer produced by microbreweries in the early 1990s was commonly referred to as Ji Bīru (地ビール), or "local beer." In the late 2000s more established microbreweries in Japan have chosen to emphasize the term Craft Beer (クラフトビア) to mark a break with the short-lived Ji Bīru boom and to emphasize the traditional brewing skills and reverence for ingredients that characterize their products.

Singapore

Main article: Beer in Singapore

History of beer in Singapore dates back to the mid-19th century.

Spain

In Spain in 2011, the newspaper El País reported a "revolution is occurring in craft beer" (cervezas artesanales)[21] and more recently that by 2013 the trend had extended to the regions of Cataluña, Valencia, País Vasco and Madrid.[22]

Sweden

In Sweden, microbreweries have existed since around 1995. Today, the market is flourishing with many of the nation's regions and cities having their own breweries, such as Gotlands Bryggeri, Jämtlands Bryggeri and Helsingborgs Bryggeri. Stefan Persson, the CEO of Swedish clothing chain H&M, has his own microbrewery on his estate in England.[23]

Thailand

Following the introduction of American microbrews in 2012, the popularity of craft beer bars in Thailand—primarily Bangkok—increased fairly rapidly and in January 2014, the fourth global location of Danish microbrewery Mikkeller was launched in Bangkok. The brand partnered with an already established beer distribution company and seeks to capitalise on the higher earning capacity of Thai people in the second decade of the 21st century, as well as tourists. At the opening, one of the owners explained: "... and we thought it was about time to elevate the level of craft beer available in Thailand and, hopefully, expand throughout Southeast Asia." A total of 30 beers are served at the venue, including two microbrews exclusive to Thailand.[24][25][26]

United Kingdom

The term "Microbrewery" originated in the UK in the late 1970s to describe the new generation of small breweries that focused on producing traditional cask ale independently of major brewers or pub chains. The first successful example of this approach was the Litchborough Brewery founded by Bill Urquhart in 1974 in the Northamptonshire village of the same name. Urquhart had been the final head brewer at the large Phipps Northampton brewery, when it was closed by owners Watney Mann in May 1974 to make way for Carlsberg Group's new UK lager brewery on the site. Alongside commercial beer brewing, training courses and apprenticeships were offered with many of the UK movement's early pioneers passing through Litchborough's courses prior to setting up their own breweries.[27]

The father of British micro brewing, Bill Urquhart at Litchborough Brewery

The UK also has a large number of small commercial breweries making cask ale, the smallest of which are known as microbreweries, and they can be found in small spaces such as domestic garages. In the UK, a lesser divide exists between the microbreweries and the large companies, as breweries of all sizes exist to fill the gap.

Before the development of large commercial breweries in the UK, beer would have been brewed on the premises from which it was sold. Alewives would put out a sign — a hop pole or ale-wand — to show when their beer was ready. The medieval authorities were more interested in ensuring adequate quality and strength of the beer than discouraging drinking. Gradually men became involved in brewing and organised themselves into guilds such as the Brewers Guild in London of 1342 and the Edinburgh Society of Brewers in 1598; as brewing became more organised and reliable many inns and taverns ceased brewing for themselves and bought beer from these early commercial breweries.[28]

However, there were some brewpubs which continued to brew their own beer, such as the Blue Anchor in Helston, Cornwall, which was established in 1400 and is regarded as the oldest brewpub in the UK.[29][30] In the UK during the 20th century, most of the traditional pubs which brewed their own beer in the brewhouse round the back of the pub, were bought out by larger breweries and ceased brewing on the premises. By the mid-1970s, only four remained: All Nations, The Old Swan, the Three Tuns and the Blue Anchor.[31]

The trend toward larger brewing companies started to change during the 1970s, when the popularity of the Campaign for Real Ale (CAMRA)'s campaign for traditional brewing methods, and the success of Michael Jackson's World Guide to Beer encouraged brewers in the UK, such as Peter Austin, to form their own small breweries or brewpubs. In 1979, a chain of UK brewpubs, known as the "Firkin" pubs, started,[32] running to over one hundred at the chain's peak; however, the chain was sold and eventually its pubs ceased brewing their own beer.

Some British brewpubs specialise in ale, while others brew continental lagers and wheatbeers. The Ministry of Ales, Burnley;[33] The Masons Arms in Headington, Oxford;[34] The Brunswick Inn, Derby (in 2010, half of the beers sold by the establishment were brewed on-site);[35] The Watermill pub, Ings Cumbria;[36] and the Old Cannon Brewery, Bury St Edmunds[37] are some examples of small independent brewpubs in the UK.

The city of Bristol was identified by The Guardian in May 2014 as an area where the microbrewery industry had flourished. Ten brewpubs, such as The Tobacco Factory, Copper Jacks Crafthouse and The Urban Standard, were identified as thriving Bristol craft beer establishments.[38]

The East End of London has also been a place for speciality craft beers and unique independent pubs and breweries. Again The Guardian has an interesting list of Craft Beer pubs in East London [39] with local East End tour companies also showing the distinct food and craft beer pubs to London visitors with Craft Beer Tours [40]

With craft beer becoming more popular each year along with the growing number of people that would rather enjoy a craft beer for taste, a number of craft beer subscription clubs are available in the UK. This trend which originated from the US with popular beer clubs such as Craft Beer Club and Beer Month Club which launched in 1994. The UK craft beer subscription community is ever growing with Flavourly people from the UK are able to discover new craft beers much like their counterparts over the pond in the USA.

United States

In the USA, award-winning homebrewer K. Florian Klemp wrote in 2008 that the craft beer movement was revived in 1965—subsequent to an earlier American era—when Fritz Maytag acquired the Anchor Brewing Company in San Francisco, United States (U.S.), thereby saving it from closure.[41]

In a June 2014 interview, the owner of an Oregon, U.S.-based microbrewery explained: "You've got to do more than just make great beer. It's really about innovation, creativity—stepping outside the box of traditional beer marketing", while an employee explained that "heart and soul" is the essence of the operation.[42]

Microbreweries, regional breweries, and brew pubs per capita[43]

The turnaround of the Anchor Brewing Company in 1965, after it was acquired by Maytag, is considered a turning point for American beer, due to the revival of craft beer in the U.S., where microbrewing boomed after then-president Jimmy Carter de-regulated the beer market in 1979.[41][44] During the same period, others turned to homebrewing and eventually a few of these brewers started to produce on a slightly larger scale. For inspiration, they turned to the centuries-old tradition of artisan beer and cask ale production that was continuing in the UK, Germany and Belgium.[45]

The New Albion Brewing Company was founded in 1976 and served as a blueprint for American brewers to build small-scale commercial breweries.[46][47] The popularity of these products was such that the trend quickly spread and a large number of small breweries were founded, often attached to a bar (known as a "brewpub") where the product could be sold directly. As microbreweries proliferated, some became more than microbreweries, necessitating the creation of the broader category of craft beer.

American microbreweries typically distribute through a wholesaler in a traditional three-tier system, others act as their own distributor (wholesaler) and sell to retailers or directly to the consumer through a tap room, attached restaurant, or off-premises sales. Because alcohol control is left up to the states, there are many state-to-state differences in the laws.[48] Following the federal U.S. government shutdown on October 1, 2013, craft beer producers were forced into an activity lull due to the closure of the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB), an arm of the Treasury Department. The TTB is responsible for granting approval for new breweries, recipes, and labels.[49] Interest spread to the U.S., and in 1982, Grant's Brewery Pub in Yakima, Washington was opened, reviving the U.S. "brewery taverns" of well-known early Americans as William Penn, Samuel Adams and Patrick Henry. Growth was initially slow—the fifth U.S. brewpub opened in 1986,[50] but the growth since then has been considerable: the Brewers Association reports that in 2012 there were 2,075 regional craft breweries, microbreweries and brewpubs in the U.S.[51]

Craft brewing is most established in the U.S., where changes to U.S. law laid the foundations for the expansion of craft brewing. The 1978 Carter homebrewing law allowed for small amounts of beer and wine, and, in 1979, Carter signed a bill to deregulate the brewing industry, making it easier to start new breweries.;[44] although, states could still enact local restrictions. As a result of deregulation, homebrewing became a popular hobby in the 1980s and 1990s, and, in the mid-1990s, homebrewers launched business ventures based on home-based hobby brewing.

Cervezería de MateVeza in San Francisco brews in a 20-U.S.-gallon (76-liter; 0.65-U.S.-beer-barrel) system.[52]

In 1979, 89 breweries existed in the U.S.—the Brewers Association reports that in March 2013 a total of 2,416 U.S. breweries were in operation, with 2,360 considered craft breweries (98 percent—1,124 brewpubs, 1,139 microbreweries, and 97 regional craft breweries).[51][53] Additionally, craft brewers sold more than 15,600,000 US beer barrels (1.83×109 L; 480,000,000 US gal) of beer, which represented approximately 7.8% of the U.S. market by volume.[54] In 2007 the largest American craft brewery was the Boston Beer Company, makers of Samuel Adams.[55]

The Brewers Association defines American craft brewers as "small, independent and traditional": "small" is defined as an "annual production of 6 million barrels of beer or less"; "independent" is defined as at least 75% owned or controlled by a craft brewer; and "traditional" is defined as brewing in which at least 50% of the beer's volume consists of "traditional or innovative" ingredients.[56] This definition includes older microbreweries, which traditionally produce small quantities of beer, as well as other breweries of various sizes and specialties.[57]

The Brewers Association defines four markets within American craft brewing: microbreweries, with an annual production less than 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal); brewpubs, which sell 25% or more of their beer on site; regional craft breweries, which make between 15,000 US beer barrels (1,800,000 L; 460,000 US gal) and 6,000,000 US beer barrels (700,000,000 L; 190,000,000 US gal), of which at least 50% is all malt or contains adjuncts that are used only to enhance flavor; and contract brewing companies, which hire other breweries to make their beer.[58]

In March 2014, the Brewer's Association (B.A.) updated the definition of craft beer to remove any references to the use of adjuncts in the brewing process. The change allows long-established breweries, such as Yuengling, to be defined as craft beer. The B.A. statement read:

The idea that brewers who had been in business for generations didn’t qualify as "traditional" simply did not cohere for many members. Brewers have long brewed with what has been available to them. (Since the Brewers Association doesn’t define craft beer — that idea remains up to the beer drinker — the definition doesn’t differentiate on what type of beer craft brewers brew, as long as the majority of what they make is beer.) The revised definition also provides room for the innovative capabilities of craft brewers to develop new beer styles and be creative within existing beer styles. The revised definition removes the subjective assessment by Brewers Association staff of whether adjuncts "enhance" or "lighten" flavor in a particular beer.[59]

The B.A. decision also included an updated mission statement and market share goals for the industry. Association members committed to strive for a goal of 20 percent market share by the year 2020 and Gary Fish, owner of Deschutes Brewery and 2014 chair of the BA Board, explained:

The 20-by-‘20 objective is an aspirational goal for our craft community, with an inspiring symmetry. I’m convinced this goal is within our reach if we, as an industry, continue to focus on our strengths and passions—making and delivering high-quality, innovative, full-flavored beer to craft beer enthusiasts ... Additionally, by noting a commitment to quality and clarifying the place of homebrewers and brewing enthusiasts, we further acknowledge the critical role each plays in the health and growth of the craft brewing industry.[59]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Alison Boteler (2009). The Gourmet's Guide to Cooking with Beer. Quarry Books. p. 15. ISBN 978-1-59253-486-9. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  2. ↑ Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271, 585. ISBN 0195367138.
  3. 1 2 Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. pp. 270–271. ISBN 0195367138.
  4. ↑ "Welcome to the Brewers Association". Brewersassociation.org. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  5. ↑ Jonathan Duffy (November 28, 2001). "The plight of the micro-brewers". BBC News.
  6. ↑ "Craft beer sales increase by 20 million litres". 3 News NZ. February 26, 2013.
  7. ↑ Friedland, Josh. "nan·o·brew·e·ry". The Food Section. The Food Section. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  8. ↑ "TTB GovBeer FAQs". U.S. Dept. of Treasury. U.S. Dept. of Treasury. Retrieved 2014-07-21.
  9. ↑ "BrewBot Lets You Brew Beer From Your iPhone". Tap Trail.
  10. ↑ "Canned!: Artwork of the Modern American Beer Can". Amazon. Amazon.com, Inc. 28 May 2014. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  11. 1 2 Lewis Wallace (10 June 2014). "Brewers Have Been All Bottled Up, But Now They're Canning It". NPR. NPR. Retrieved 14 June 2014.
  12. ↑ "Spinnakers Artisan Crafted Vinegar". Eat Magazine. Eat Magazine. 13 December 2011. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  13. 1 2 3 Justin McDonnell (24 July 2013). "Forget Portland: China Might Just Be the New Epicenter of Craft Beer". The Atlantic. Retrieved 25 July 2013.
  14. ↑ "Telegraph.co.uk Expat Directory". Expatdirectory.telegraph.co.uk. 2009-09-16. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  15. ↑ "Arugam Bay Surfer's Beer". Facebook.com. 2013-09-14. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  16. ↑ "3 BRASSEURS". Les3brasseurs.com. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  17. ↑ "Frog Pubs". Frog Pubs. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  18. ↑ "Destatis Fachserie 14 Reihe 9.2.2" (PDF) (in German). Destatis.de.
  19. ↑ Breweries in Upper Franconia (Brauereien in Oberfranken) at Bierland Oberfranken (german)
  20. ↑ "Japan Craft Beer Association". www.craftbeerassociation.jp. JCBA. Retrieved 2 June 2014.
  21. ↑ "Llega la revolución de las cervezas artesanales". Cultura.elpais.com. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  22. ↑ "Cerveza de pequeña marca". Ccaa.elpais.com. 2013-07-27. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  23. ↑ "Stefan Persson brygger hemma". Dagens Industri. 1 February 2006.
  24. ↑ Asia Eater (12 February 2014). "Asia Eater presents: Mikkeller Bangkok Opening" (Video upload). Asia Eater on YouTube. Google Inc. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  25. ↑ Kristian Lauritzen (30 January 2014). "Danish Beer Bar Mikkeller grand opening in Bangkok". Scandasia. Scandasia. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  26. ↑ Cole Pennington (10 March 2014). "Mikkeller floats Bangkok's stature as a beer berg". Coconuts Bangkok. Coconuts Media. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  27. ↑ "Brewed In Northants" by Mike Brown with Brian Willmott. Brewery History Society (2010) ISBN 1-873966-03-2
  28. ↑ Martyn Cornell. Beer: the Story of the Pint
  29. ↑ "Blue Anchor". Spingoales.com. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  30. ↑ www.quaffale.org.uk (2012-02-23). "Blue Anchor". Quaffale.org.uk. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  31. ↑ Neil Hanson (ed), Good Beer Guide 1985, CAMRA, 1984. ISBN 0-9509584-0-9.
  32. ↑ Firkin Brewery Archived October 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine.
  33. ↑ "LFW Travel Guides - Burnley, Turf Moor". Loft For Words. FansNetwork. October 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  34. ↑ Thomas Burrows (27 September 2013). "Ale campaigners fear Headington pub site will be turned into housing". Oxford Mail. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  35. ↑ Adrian Tierney-Jones (26 February 2010). "Derbyshire pub guide: The Brunswick Inn, Derby". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  36. ↑ "The Watermill Inn, Ings, Cumbria". The Guardian. September 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  37. ↑ "Beer festival launches tomorrow evening at Old Cannon brewery in Bury St Edmunds". Bury Free Press. 22 August 2013. Retrieved 13 March 2014.
  38. ↑ Bristol Monday Night Club (26 May 2014). "Top 10 craft beer pubs in Bristol". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 May 2014.
  39. ↑ "Top 10 craft beer pubs in East London".
  40. ↑ "London Craft Beer Tours".
  41. 1 2 Klemp, K. Florian (1 January 2008). "Barley Wine". All About Beer. Stylistically Speaking 28 (6). Retrieved 29 April 2014.
  42. ↑ "Silver Moon: A Beer Apart" (Video upload). Inc.com. Monsueto Ventures. 19 June 2014. Retrieved 21 June 2014.
  43. ↑ "Craft Brewing Industry Statistics". Brewersassociation.org. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  44. 1 2 "How Jimmy Carter Saved Craft Beer - Max Fisher". The Atlantic Wire. 2010-08-05. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  45. ↑ Stack, Martin H. (July 2003). "A Concise History of America's Brewing Industry". Economic History (EH.net) Encyclopedia.
  46. ↑ Acitelli, Tom (2011). "New York's Beer Debt to California". New York Observer. Retrieved May 11, 2011.
  47. ↑ Ogle, Maureen (2006). Ambitious Brew: the story of American beer. Orlando: Harcourt. pp. 291–99. ISBN 0-15-101012-9.
  48. ↑ "Consumer Information." Alcohol Laws by State. Web. 17 Feb. 2015. <http://www.consumer.ftc.gov/articles/0388-alcohol-laws-state>.
  49. ↑ Carrie Antlfinger; Todd Richmond (9 October 2013). "Shutdown means no new beer from craft brewers". Associated Press. Retrieved 12 October 2013.
  50. ↑ "1st Five Brewpubs". Triplerock.com. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  51. 1 2 "Brewers Association". brewersassociation.org. Retrieved 2013-05-19.
  52. ↑ Lucchesi, Paolo (1 October 2014). "Oakland’s Woods Bar & Brewery goes experimental with bigger space". Hearst. SF Gate. Retrieved 16 March 2015.
  53. ↑ "Brewers Association | Number of Breweries". brewersassociation.org. 2011. Retrieved 28 January 2013.
  54. ↑ Association, Brewers. "Number of Breweries". Retrieved 10 May 2014.
  55. ↑ "Beer Madness: 32 beers compete for the top seat". The Washington Post. 2007.
  56. ↑ "Craft Brewer Defined". Brewersassociation.org. Retrieved 2012-03-16.
  57. ↑ Oliver, Garrett (2011). "Craft brewing". In Oliver, Garrett. The Oxford Companion to Beer. Oxford University Press. p. 271. ISBN 0195367138.
  58. ↑ "Brewers Association | Market Segments". brewersassociation.org. 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2011.
  59. 1 2 Chris Crowell (10 March 2014). "Brewers Association updates ‘craft beer’ definition; focus on ownership, adjunct acceptance". Craft Brewing Business. CBB Media LLC. Retrieved 14 June 2014.

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