Creative visualization

Creative visualization is the cognitive process of purposefully generating visual mental imagery, with eyes open or closed,[1][2] simulating or recreating visual perception,[3][4] in order to maintain, inspect, and transform those images,[5][6][7][8][9][10][11] consequently modifying their associated emotions or feelings,[12][13][14] with intent to experience a subsequent beneficial physiological, psychological, or social effect, such as expediting the healing of wounds to the body,[15] minimizing physical pain,[16][17][18][19][20][21] alleviating psychological pain including anxiety, sadness, and low mood,[22] improving self-esteem or self-confidence,[23] and enhancing the capacity to cope when interacting with others.[24][25]

Visual and non-visual mental imagery

The brain is capable of creating other types of mental imagery, in addition to visual images, simulating or recreating perceptual experience across all sensory modalities,[26][27] including auditory imagery of sounds,[28][29][30][31] gustatory imagery of tastes,[32][33] olfactory imagery of smells,[34][35] motor imagery of movements,[36][37][38][39] and haptic imagery of touch, incorporating texture, temperature, and pressure.[40][41][42]

Notwithstanding the ability to generate mental images across sensory modalities,[43][44] the term "creative visualization" signifies the process by which a person generates and processes visual mental imagery specifically.

However, creative visualization is closely related to, and is often considered as one part of, guided imagery. In guided imagery, a trained practitioner or teacher helps a participant or patient to evoke and generate mental images[45] that simulate or re-create the sensory perception[46] of sights,[47][48] sounds,[49] tastes,[50] smells,[51] movements,[52] and touch,[53] as well as imaginative or mental content that the participating subject experiences as defying conventional sensory categories.[54]

Nonetheless, visual and auditory mental images are reported as being the most frequently experienced by people ordinarily, in controlled experiments, and when participating in guided imagery,[55][56] with visual images remaining the most extensively researched and documented in scientific literature.[57][58][59]

All mental imagery, including the visual images generated through creative visualization, can precipitate or be associated with strong emotions or feelings.[60][61][62]

Therapeutic application

The therapeutic application of creative visualization aims to educate the patient in altering mental imagery, which in turn contributes to emotional change. Specifically, the process facilitates the patient in replacing images that aggravate physical pain, exacerbate psychological pain, reaffirm debilitation, recollect and reconstruct distressing events, or intensify disturbing feelings such as hopelessness and anxiety, with imagery that emphasizes and precipitates physical comfort, cognitive clarity, and emotional equanimity. This process may be facilitated by a practitioner or teacher in person to an individual or a group. Alternatively, the participants or patients may follow guidance provided by a sound recording, video, or audiovisual media comprising spoken instruction that may be accompanied by music or sound.[63][64][65][66][67][68][69]

Whether provided in person, or delivered via media, the verbal instruction consists of words, often pre-scripted, intended to direct the participant's attention to intentionally generated visual mental images that precipitate a positive psychologic and physiologic response, incorporating increased mental and physical relaxation and decreased mental and physical stress.[70]

Stages of creative visualization

According to the computational theory of imagery,[71][72][73] which is derived from experimental psychology, the process of creative visualization comprises four stages:[74][75][76][77][78][79][80]

Stage 1 is "Image Generation". This involves generating mental imagery, from memory, from fantasy, or a combination of both.[81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91]

Stage 2 is "Image Maintenance". This involves the intentional sustaining or maintaining of imagery, without which a mental image is subject to rapid decay, and does not remain for sufficient duration to proceed to the next stages.[92]

Stage 3 is "Image Inspection". In this stage, once generated and maintained, a mental image is inspected and explored, elaborated in detail, and interpreted in relation to the participant.[93] This often involves a scanning process, by which the participant directs attention across and around an image, simulating shifts in perceptual perspective.[94][95][96][97][98][99]

Stage 4 is "Image Transformation". In this stage, the participant transforms, modifies, or alters the content of generated mental imagery, in such a way as to substitute images that provoke negative feelings, are indicative of suffering and exacerbate psychological pain, or that reaffirm disability or debilitation, for those that elicit positive emotion, and are suggestive of autonomy, ability to cope, and an increased degree of mental aptitude and physical ability.[100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111]

Absorption and attention

In order for the participant to benefit from this staged process of creative visualization, he or she must be capable of or susceptible to absorption, which is an "openness to absorbing and self-altering experiences".[112][113]

Furthermore, the process of processing visual images places considerable demands upon cognitive attentional resources, including working memory.[114][115]

Consequently, in clinical practice, creative visualization is often provided as part of a multi-modal strategy that integrates other interventions, most commonly guided meditation or some form of meditative praxis, relaxation techniques, and meditation music or receptive music therapy, because those methods can increase the participant's or patient's capacity for or susceptibility to absorption, enhance control of attention, and replenish requisite cognitive resources, thereby increasing the potential efficacy of creative visualization.[116][117]

Creative visualization and guided imagery

Although, visual and auditory mental images are reported as being the most frequently experienced by people[118][119] and even with visual images remaining the most extensively researched and documented in scientific literature,[120][121][122] the term "creative visualization" is far less frequently used in scientific, peer-reviewed, and scholarly publications than the term "guided imagery", which research authors use commonly both to indicate the generation, maintenance, inspection, and transformation of mental imagery across all modalities, and in referring to the processing of visual imagery exclusively and specifically. Also, some authors use the term "creative visualization" interchangeably with "guided imagery". Meanwhile, others refer to guided imagery in a way to indicate that it includes creative visualization.[123][124][125]

Furthermore, investigative, clinical, scientific, and academic authors frequently measure, analyze and discuss the effects of both creative visualization and guided imagery collectively and inseparably from the other mind–body interventions with which they are commonly combined, including meditation music or receptive music therapy, relaxation, guided meditation or meditative praxis, and self-reflective diary-keeping or journaling, with the result that it is often difficult to attribute positive or negative outcomes to any one of the specific techniques.[126][127][128][129]

Effectiveness

Creative visualization might help people with cancer feel more positive, but there is no medical evidence it affects the disease.[130]

References

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  123. ↑ Compare for example the results returned by Google Scholar for publications containing 'Creative Visualization' in the title: Creative Visualization with those containing 'Guided Imagery' Guided Imagery.
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  125. ↑ Complementary, Alternative, or Integrative Health: What's In a Name? US Department of Health and Human Services. Public Health Service. National Institutes of Health. NIH Publication No. D347. Online Version. Retrieved 31 July 2015
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