Curandero

A curandero (Spanish: [kuɾanˈdeɾo], f. curandera) or curandeiro (Portuguese: [kuɾɐ̃ˈdejɾu], f. curandeira) is a traditional Native healer, shaman or Witch doctor found in the United States and Mexico. Historically, in the United States, curanderos were only found in concentrated Amerindian populations. In the mid– to late–1970s the rise in ethnic minority and immigrant populations grew in tandem with the public presence of curanderos in areas outside of the historical geographic regions of the United States which had large Indigenous populations.^[1][2][3] The curandero dedicates their life to the administration of remedies for mental, emotional, physical and spiritual illnesses based on their evaluation.^[4][5][6][7] Since the 1990s, it is more commonplace to see Curanderos in 'northern'-tier cities in the United States.^[8] The acceptance of traditional services of Curanderismo is noted by US regional health care plans accepting services of curanderos as part of their insurance benefits and coverage.^[9] The role of a curandero or curandera can also incorporate the roles of psychiatrist along with that of doctor and healer. Some curanderos, such as Don Pedrito, the Healer of Los Olmos, make use of simple herbs, waters, and even mud to effect their cures. Others additionally employ Catholic elements, such as holy water and saint pictures. The use of Roman Catholic prayers and other borrowings and lendings are often found alongside native religious elements. Many curanderos emphasize their native spirituality in healing while being practicing Roman Catholics.

Description

They are often respected members of the community. Literally translated as "healer" from Spanish. Their powers are considered supernatural, as it is commonly believed that many illnesses are caused by lost malevolent spirits, a lesson from God, or curse.

Types

There are many different types of curanderos. "Yerberos" are primarily herbalists. "Hueseros and Sobaderos" are bone/muscle therapists who emphasize physical ailments. "Parteras" are midwives. "Oracionistas" work primarily through the power of prayer.

Among these broader terms there are several sub specialties. For instance, Yerberos who work primarily with tobacco to heal patients are known as tabaqueros. Healers who work primarily with ayahuasca are known as ayahuasqueros. Healers who work with peyote are known as peyoteros.

Although many curanderos do have a specialty and may identify with it, that does not mean that these healing modalities are necessarily strict and do not overlap. As an example, an oracionista may also be a powerful yerbera and so on.

Further information

The Moche people of ancient Peru often depicted curanderos in their art.^[10]

In the Andes, one of the instruments of the curandero is the chonta, a lance carved from the chonta palm, Bactris gasipaes, thought to be imbued with magical powers. The palm grows only in the Amazon basin, and is the object of a brisk commerce. The Jivaro people of the Amazon Rainforest use the hardwood of the chonta to carve their spears.^[11] The shaman is also known as chonteador, and his most important wand is the "chonta defensa"; if he dies without disciples, the chonta is thrown, wrapped in rubands and weighted with stones, to the bottom of an andine lake; its power will reemerge when a new shaman will take office. The shamans also use wands of huatulco wood, Loxopterygium huasango.^[12]

In fiction

Curanderos, probably because of the mystery and intrigue that surrounds them, are frequently included in fictional works:

• César Calvo, Las Tres Mitades de Ino Moxo y otros brujos de la Amazonías (Iquitos 1981), translated as The Three Halves of Ino Moxo. Teachings of the Wizard of the Upper Amazon. A novel by the Peruvian author based on the life of Manuel Córdova-Rios.
• Bless Me, Ultima, by the Chicano author Rudolfo Anaya.
• The life and writing of Don Miguel Ruiz has been also influenced by curanderismo, since his mother was a curandera.
• The original screenplay for the film Viva Zapata! involved a curandera predicting the birth and death of Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata. The original played much more heavily on the supernatural than the chosen script.
• Curandero, a 2005 film by Eduardo Rodríguez.
• Changes for Josefina, one of the American Girl series of books about 10-year-old Maria Josefina Montoya set outside Santa Fe in the mid-1820s, features Tía Magdalena as a curandera and the most respected woman in the protagonist's village. She is also featured in the American Girl novel Secrets in the Hills.
• Eduardo The Healer, is a documentary that follows the life of a Peruvian curandero.
• Forests of the Heart, by Charles de Lint features a curandera protagonist.
• So Far From God, by Chicana author Ana Castillo, features the curandera character Doña Felicia.
• (Notes from the trial of) La Curandera, a song by the band Clutch (band) off their 2004 album, Blast Tyrant. It features a fictional trial of a curandera for curing a demon.
• Nightmare, by Joan Lowery Nixon
• The Hummingbird's Daughter, by Luis Alberto Urrea tells the story of Teresita Urrea, a curandera at the end of the 1800s.
• ″Woman Who Glows in the Dark″, by Elena Avilla
• The House of Scorpion, by Nancy Farmer features a character named Celia who is a curandera.
• Dark Obsession, by Terri Molina features a character named Ramon Chavez who is warned of danger by the spirit of a curandera, and contains a healing experience based on real life.^[13]
• The Codex, by Douglas Preston features two curanderos: Don Alfonso Boswas and Borabay. A North American character, Sally Colorado, is also honoured with the nickname, Curandera.

See also

• Guillermo Arévalo
• Pablo Amaringo
• Indigenous peoples of the Americas
• Kalku
• Machi
• Medicine Man
• Nganga
• Peru
• Plastic shaman
• Santero
• Shamanism
• Shipibo-Conibo people
• Witch doctor
• Oracionista

Notes

1. Salazar, CL; Levin, J (2013). "Religious features of curanderismo training and practice". Explore 9 (3): 150–8. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.02.003. PMID 23643370.
2. Folk Medicine and Traditional Healing, National Center for Farmworker Health, Inc. August 2011
3. Lopez, Rebecca A. (2005). "Use of Alternative Folk Medicine by Mexican American Women". Journal of Immigrant Health 7 (1): 23–31. doi:10.1007/s10903-005-1387-8. PMID 15744474.
4. Padilla, R; Gomez, V; Biggerstaff, SL; Mehler, PS (2001). "Use of curanderismo in a public health care system". Archives of Internal Medicine 161 (10): 1336–40. doi:10.1001/archinte.161.10.1336. PMID 11371263.
5. Davis, RE; Peterson, KE; Rothschild, SK; Resnicow, K (2011). "Pushing the envelope for cultural appropriateness: Does evidence support cultural tailoring in type 2 diabetes interventions for Mexican American adults?". The Diabetes educator 37 (2): 227–38. doi:10.1177/0145721710395329. PMC 3209710. PMID 21343599.
6. Reyes-Ortiz, CA; Rodriguez, M; Markides, KS (2009). "The role of spirituality healing with perceptions of the medical encounter among Latinos". Journal of general internal medicine. 24 Suppl 3 (Suppl 3): 542–7. doi:10.1007/s11606-009-1067-9. PMC 2764036. PMID 19842004.
7. Sleath, BL; Williams Jr, JW (2004). "Hispanic ethnicity, language, and depression: Physician-patient communication and patient use of alternative treatments". International journal of psychiatry in medicine 34 (3): 235–46. doi:10.2190/vqu1-qywt-xw6y-4m14. PMID 15666958.
8. The Oregonian (2010-04-03). "Traditional curanderos in Oregon a lifeline for the Latino version of health care providers". OregonLive.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
9. Salazar, CL; Levin, J (2013). "Religious features of curanderismo training and practice". Explore 9 (3): 150–8. doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.02.003. PMID 23643370. pg.152
10. Berrin, Katherine & Larco Museum. The Spirit of Ancient Peru: treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson, 1997.
11. Karsten, Rafael. Blood, Revenge, War and Victory Feasts Among the Jibara Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2004. ISBN 978-1-4179-3181-1. Page 6.
12. M. Polia, The priest of the nameless hill, Le Scienze, october 2002
13. Terri Molina. Dark Obsession, published by Crimson Romance 2012

References

• Karsten, Rafael. Blood, Revenge, War and Victory Feasts Among the Jibara Indians of Eastern Ecuador. Kessinger Publishing, LLC, 2004. ISBN 978-1-4179-3181-1.
• Beyer, Stephan V. (2009). Singing to the Plants: A Guide to Mestizo Shamanism in the Upper Amazon. University of New Mexico Press

Further reading

• Riding, Alan. Distant Neighbors: A Portrait of the Mexicans. New York: Vintage, 2000.
• Trotter II, Robert T. and Juan Antonio Chavira. Curanderismo: Mexican American Folk Healing. University of Georgia Press, Second Edition, October 1997.