Currencies of the British West Indies
This article examines the monetary systems that prevailed in the region known as the British West Indies in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The territories covered in this article include British Guiana on the South American mainland, British Honduras in Central America, Bermuda, the Bahamas, and Jamaica, along with its former dependencies the Cayman Islands, and the Turks and Caicos Islands. It also includes the Eastern Caribbean territories of Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands.
Queen Anne's proclamation of 1704 introduced the gold standard to the British West Indies, putting the West Indies about two hundred years ahead of the East Indies in this respect. Nevertheless, silver pieces of eight continued to form an important portion of the circulating coinage right up until the wake of the great silver devaluation of 1873. In addition to the Spanish dollars and gold doubloons, the British government coined 1/4, 1/8, and 1/16 fractional 'Anchor dollars' in 1822 for use in Mauritius and the British West Indies, but not including Jamaica. The first move to introduce British sterling silver coinage to the colonies came with an imperial order-in-council dated 1825. This move was inspired by a number of factors. The United Kingdom was now operating a very successful gold standard in relation to the gold sovereign that was introduced in 1816, and there was a desire to extend this system to the colonies. In addition to this, there was the fact that the supply of Spanish dollars (pieces of eight) had been cut off as a result of the revolutions in Latin America where most of the Spanish dollars were minted. The last Spanish Dollar was in fact minted at Potosi in 1825. There was now a growing desire to have a stable and steady supply of British shillings everywhere where the British drum was beating. The 1825 order-in-council was largely a failure because it made sterling silver coinage legal tender at the unrealistic rating in relation to the Spanish dollar of $1 = 4 shillings and 4 pence. Remedial legislation was introduced for the British West Indies in 1838 with a new and more realistic rating of $1 = 4s 2d. And from around 1840 until 1955 most of the British West Indies were using sterling coinage. On the outbreak of the second world war, the sterling area was created as a wartime emergency measure in order to protect the external value of sterling. All of the British West Indies territories joined the sterling area in 1939, including even British Honduras which might conceivably have followed the path of Canada and Newfoundland and remained outside of the arrangement.
Despite the use of sterling coinage throughout the British West Indies during this period, there was a mixed usage of sterling accounts and dollar accounts, and there was an eventual move towards dollar accounts in all the territories in conjunction with decimal fractional coinage. This article will chart the circumstances and changes in the individual territories.
British Honduras
British Honduras, renamed Belize in 1973, was the first British colony in the Caribbean area to replace the sterling currency with a US dollar based currency. This occurred in 1885 as a result of the fact that the dollar of neighbouring Guatemala had driven the sterling coinage out of circulation. The authorities wanted to return to the gold standard and the choice of the US dollar was influenced by growing trade links with New Orleans in the USA. See the main article entitled the Belize dollar.
British Guiana
British Guiana, renamed Guyana on independence in 1966, was the only one of the territories in the British West Indies to use dollar accounts in both the public and private sectors throughout the period 1839 to 1950. Although the sterling coinage circulated during this period, it did so in conjunction with the Spanish dollar unit of account at the fixed rate of $1 = 4s 2d. Another feature of interest that was exclusive to British Guiana was the special issue four pence (4d) coin known as the groat. See the main article at Guyanese dollar.
Bermuda
From 1842 until 1970, Bermuda used the sterling currency as the official currency in both specie coinage and also as the unit of account. see the main article at Bermudian pound.
The Bahamas
Unlike with the case of Bermuda, the Bahamas, although using the sterling system, both in coinage and as a unit of account, also allowed the US dollar to unofficially circulate alongside sterling. See the main article at Bahamian pound.
Jamaica
Jamaica used both sterling coinage and sterling units of account from 1840 until 1969. But unlike the rest of the British West Indies, Jamaica had its own special varieties of the sterling copper coinage. Apart from a Bahamas penny of 1806, and the four pence (4d) groat coins that were specially minted for the British West Indies, and later for British Guiana only, the rest of the British West Indies just used exactly the same coinage that was circulating in the United Kingdom.[1][2] When Jamaica went decimal in 1969, the new Jamaican dollar was in effect a half-pound. Jamaica and the Cayman Islands were therefore the only territories in the British West Indies to continue with a descendent unit of the pound sterling. See the main article at Jamaican pound.
The Cayman Islands
The Cayman Islands, being a dependency of Jamaica, followed a course similar to that of Jamaica. See the main article at Jamaican pound.
The Turks and Caicos Islands
The Turks and Caicos Islands, being a dependency of Jamaica, followed a course similar to that of Jamaica. However, when Jamaica went unto the decimal system in 1969, the Turks and Caicos Islands took the opportunity of changing over to the US dollar.
The Eastern Caribbean group
The Eastern Caribbean group consists of Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, the Windward Islands, and the Leeward Islands. These territories all used sterling coinage in conjunction with a mixture of sterling accounts and Spanish dollar accounts. The private banking sector tended to use Spanish dollar accounts at the fixed exchange rate of $1 = 4s 2d. This group formed a monetary union with British Guiana in 1949 and the currency was known as the British West Indies dollar. Trinidad and Tobago left the arrangement in 1964. A new arrangement came about the following year and the currency was renamed the Eastern Caribbean dollar. British Guiana withdrew from this monetary union in 1966 and Barbados withdrew in 1972. See the main articles at British West Indies dollar, Eastern Caribbean dollar, Trinidad and Tobago dollar, Guyanese dollar, and Barbados dollar.
The British Virgin Islands
Although part of the Leeward Islands group in the Eastern Caribbean, the British Virgin Islands were somewhat problematic as regards currency, due to the close proximity to the Danish West Indies that were bought by the USA in 1917 thence becoming the US Virgin Islands. Sterling was the official currency but there was always a large circulation of Danish money and later US dollars. When the British West Indies dollar was introduced to the British Virgin Islands in 1951, there were protests, and in 1961 the British Virgin Islands formally adopted the US dollar as its official currency. See Eastern Caribbean dollar.
See also
References
- Chalmers, R., "A History of Currency in the British Colonies" (1893)