Cyclida

"Cycloidea" redirects here. For the CYCLOIDEA gene in plants, see peloria.
Cyclida
Temporal range: Carboniferous–Maastrichtian
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Crustacea
Class: Maxillopoda
Subclass: Branchiura
Order: † Cyclida
Glaessner, 1928
Genera
  • Alsasuacaris Van Bakel et al., 2011
  • Americlus Dzik, 2008
  • Apionicon Schram et al., 1997
  • Carcinaspides Glaessner, 1969
  • Cyclocarcinoides
  • Cyclus de Koninck, 1841
  • Halicyne Meyer, 1847
  • Hemitrochiscus Schauroth, 1854
  • Juracyclus Schweigert, 2007
  • Maastrichtocaris Fraaije, Schram & Vonk, 2003
  • Mesoprosopon Stolley, 1914
  • Oonocarcinus Gemmellaro, 1890
  • Opolanka Dzik, 2008
  • Paraprosopon Gemmellaro, 1890
  • Schramine Dzik, 2008

Cyclida (formerly Cycloidea, and so sometimes known as cycloids) is an order of fossil arthropods that lived from the Carboniferous to the Cretaceous. Their classification is uncertain, but they are generally treated as a group of maxillopod crustaceans.

Description

Cycloids have a "striking"[1] resemblance to crabs, and are thought to have inhabited a similar ecological niche, and to have been driven to extinction when crabs became widespread and diverse.[1] The largest members are over 6 centimetres (2.4 in) across the carapace.[2] Their gills are often preserved in three dimensions, and do not resemble those of other crustaceans.[2] Cycloid taxa differ in the number of walking legs, in the form of the mouthparts and in other significant ways.[2]

Affinities

There is considerable debate about the placement of cycloids within the Arthropoda. While they are generally considered to be crustaceans of some kind, doubts have been expressed about the homology of cycloids' respiratory structures with those of other crustaceans, and parallels drawn instead with chelicerates.[3]

The first description of a cycloid was in the 1836 treatise Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire by John Phillips,[4][5] where Phillips described "Agnostus ? radialis" among the trilobites, with the text "ribs radiating, with acute puncta; abdomen mucronate".[6] In 1838, Hermann von Meyer described a species of trilobite, albeit in the genus Limulus, and later transferred it to a new genus, Halicyne, recognising that it was something different.[4] In 1841, Laurent-Guillaume de Koninck transferred Phillips' species to a new genus, Cyclus, away from the trilobites, although he later described a second species of Cyclus which was later recognised as the hypostome of a trilobite.[4] Cycloids were later considered to be members of the Xiphosura, true crabs, and branchiurans.[7]

In an unpublished dissertation, Neil D. L. Clark proposed in 1989 that cycloids were copepods.[7] In 1997, Frederick Schram and his co-authors[4] classified them as the sister group to copepods, within the Maxillopoda,[3] and in 2008, Jerzy Dzik[2] placed them as an order within the maxillopod suborder Branchiura,[3] which previously contained only the modern fish lice.

Taxa and stratigraphy

Cycloids are known from deposits ranging from Carboniferous (Cyclus spp.) to Maastrichtian (Maastrichtocaris rostrata).[2] They are one of only three groups of "generally Palaeozoic" arthropods to survive the Permian–Triassic extinction event, the others being the freshwater-living Euthycarcinoida and the marine Thylacocephala.[2]

The order Cyclida contains 15 genera. In approximate age order, they are:

Stagmacaris quenstedti, a species from the late Kimmeridgian of southern Germany, has been reinterpreted as part of the abdomen of a hermit crab, rather than a cycloid.[8]

Further reading

References

  1. 1 2 3 Günter Schweigert (2007). "Juracyclus posidoniae n. gen. and sp., the first cycloid arthropod from the Jurassic" (PDF). Journal of Paleontology 81 (1): 213–215. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2007)81[213:JPNGAS]2.0.CO;2.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Jerzy Dzik (2008). "Gill structure and relationships of the Triassic cycloid crustaceans" (PDF). Journal of Morphology 269 (12): 1501–1519. doi:10.1002/jmor.10663. PMID 18690662.
  3. 1 2 3 Geoff A. Boxshall & Damià Jaume (2009). "Exopodites, epipodites and gills in crustaceans" (PDF). Arthropod Systematics & Phylogeny 67 (2): 229–254.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Frederick R. Schram, Ronald Vonk & Cees H. J. Hof (1997). "Mazon Creek Cycloidea". Journal of Paleontology 71 (2): 261–284. JSTOR 1306460.
  5. ↑ Frederick R. Schram, Arjan C. Boere & Natalie Thomas (2006). "Cycloids of the Mississippian Bear Gulch limestone of central Montana" (PDF). Contributions in Science 504: 1–8.
  6. ↑ John Phillips (1836). Part 2. The Mountain Limestone District. Illustrations of the Geology of Yorkshire. London: John Murray.
  7. 1 2 3 René H. B. Fraaije, Frederick R. Schram & Ronald Vonk (2003). "Maastrichtiocaris rostratus new genus and species, the first Cretaceous cycloid". Journal of Paleontology 77 (2): 386–388. doi:10.1666/0022-3360(2003)077<0386:MRNGAS>2.0.CO;2. JSTOR 4094744.
  8. 1 2 Barry W. M. van Bakel, John W. M. Jagt, René H. B. Fraaije & Pedro Artal (2011). "A new family, genus and species of cyclid (Crustacea, Branchiura, Cyclida) from mid-Cretaceous reefal deposits in northern Spain" (PDF). Bulletin of the Mizunami Fossil Museum 37: 47–49.
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