Czech word order

Czech word order is relatively free. However, the Czech language belongs to the SVO type.

Main principles of the Czech word order

The Czech word order is said to be free. This means that the individual parts of a sentence need not necessarily be placed in a firmly given sequence. The word order is very flexible and it allows many variants of messages. It is enabled by the fact that the syntactic relations are indicated by inflection forms (declension and conjugation) in Czech.

The free word order is not arbitrary at all. It must respect logical relations between words and some other principles. Constructions which enable two or more interpretations should be avoided. The speakers choose the word order according to the communication aim and the emotional state. This principle is called functional sentence perspective.

The basic word order is SVO (subject – verb – object) in Czech sentences. It is used in neutral messages:

(Peter (S) has (V) new car (O).)

Notice that definite and indefinite articles are not used in Czech.

Objective word order

A sentence usually begins with facts which are already known from a preceding sentence or context (theme). New and important facts (rheme) are usually placed in the final position. Compare:

(Yesterday died (V) famous actor (S).)
((The) famous actor (S) died (V) yesterday.)
(Was (V) once one king (S) and the king (S) had (V) three daughters (O).)

Subjective word order

The rheme can be emphasized by the initial placement in emotive messages:

(Thousand crowns (O) (null-S) am (aux. verb) spent (V) on such stupid thing!)

Null-subject sentences

The subject doesn't need to be expressed in the Czech sentence if known from context because the categories of grammatical person and number are expressed by the verb conjugation forms:

((null-S) Have (V) car (O). = I (S) have (V) car (O).)
((null-S) Have (V) car (O). = You (S) have (V) car (O).)

Personal pronouns as a subject are used seldom in literary styles. They are more frequent in colloquial styles.

Questions

The inversed word order (VSO) is often used for the question formation, but not always. The questions are primarily indicated by prosodic means, especially by the intonation, in speech, resp. by the question mark (?) in the script. Examples:

(Peter (S) not has (V) (a) new car (O)(.))
(Peter (S) not has (V) (a) new car (O)(.))
(Not has (V) Peter (S) (a) new car (O)(?))

Attribute

The position of the noun attribute depends primarily on the fact whether it is in grammatical accordance with the superior noun or not.

Attributive adjectives

Attributive adjectives are usually prepositive, i.e. they precede superior nouns. The case and the number of the adjective and the noun are always in the grammatical accordance, i.e. the adjective is declined together with the noun:

In some special cases the adjective can be placed after the noun – e.g. in the scientific terminology, names of historical persons, listings, for the emphasis, etc.:

((null-S) Sell (V) wood (O) spruce (adj.), pine (adj.) and linden (adj.).)

Complex constructions are also usually postpositive:

(clock controlled radio (instr.))

In declension:

etc.

Notice that "rádiem" remains in the instrumental form, it evolves the adjective here, not the noun.

A further order inversion can occur, maybe due to the English pattern:

rádiem řízené hodiny

However, such word order is not natural for Czech and can sometimes cause confusion or lower the comprehensibility.

Appositional adjuncts

Attributes that are not in the grammatical accordance with the superior nouns are usually postpositional, i.e. they are placed after the noun. Such attributes keep their grammatical form regardless of the noun declension:

(conjugation verbs (gen. pl.))
(travelling train (instr.))

Clitics

Unstressed words form stress units with preceding stressed words. These are clitics. For rhythmical reasons, they can never be the first words in sentences. They usually have the second position after the first part of a sentence. If more than one clitic occurs in a sentence, the order is the following:

Examples:

((null-S) looked (V) at (aux. verb) myself (dat.) him (accus.).)

or:

(I (S) am (aux. verb) myself (dat.) him (accus.) looked (V).)
((null-S) Will (aux. verb) if yourself (accus.) diligently learn (V).)

References

See also

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Friday, September 05, 2014. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.