D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome)

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on the CH-OH group of donor with a cytochrome as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is (D)-lactate:ferricytochrome-c 2-oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include lactic acid dehydrogenase, D-lactate (cytochrome) dehydrogenase, cytochrome-dependent D-(−)-lactate dehydrogenase, D-lactate-cytochrome c reductase, and D-(−)-lactic cytochrome c reductase. This enzyme participates in pyruvate metabolism. It employs one cofactor, FAD. This type of enzyme has been characterized in animals, fungi, bacteria and recently in plants^[1] .^[2] It is believed to be important in the detoxification of methylglyoxal through the glyoxylase pathway

References

↑ Atlante, A., de Bari, L., Valenti, D., Pizzuto, R., Paventi, G., and Passarella, S. (2005). "Transport and metabolism of D-lactate in Jerusalem artichoke mitochondria". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1708 (1): 13–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbabio.2005.03.003. PMID 15949980.
↑ Martin Engqvist, Maria Fabiana Drincovich, Ulf-Ingo Flügge, and Veronica G. Maurino (2009). "Two D-2-hydroxyacid dehydrogenases in Arabidopsis thaliana with catalytic capacities to participate in the last reactions of the methylglyoxal and {beta}-oxidation pathways.". J Biol Chem. 284 (September 11): 25026–25037. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.021253. PMC 2757207. PMID 19586914.

GREGOLIN C, SINGER TP (1963). "The lactic dehydrogenase of yeast. III. D(-)Lactic cytochrome c reductase, a zinc-flavoprotein from aerobic yeast". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 67: 201–18. doi:10.1016/0006-3002(63)91818-3. PMID 13950255.
GREGOLIN C, SINGER TP, KEARNEY EB, BOERI E (1961). "The formation and enzymatic properties of the various lactic dehydrogenases of yeast". Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 94 (3): 780–97. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1961.tb35573.x. PMID 13901630.
Nygaard AP (1961). "D(−)-Lactate cytochrome c reductase, a flavoprotein from yeast". J. Biol. Chem. 236: 920–925.
Boyer, P.D., Lardy, H. and Myrback, K. (Eds.), The Enzymes, 2nd ed., vol. 7, Academic Press, New York, 1963, p. 557-565.

Oxidoreductases: alcohol oxidoreductases (EC 1.1)

1.1.1: NAD/NADP acceptor	3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase 3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA dehydrogenase Alcohol dehydrogenase Aldo-keto reductase 1A1 1B1 1B10 1C1 1C3 1C4 7A2 Aldose reductase Beta-Ketoacyl ACP reductase Carbohydrate dehydrogenases Carnitine dehydrogenase D-malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) DXP reductoisomerase Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase HMG-CoA reductase IMP dehydrogenase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Lactate dehydrogenase L-threonine dehydrogenase L-xylulose reductase Malate dehydrogenase Malate dehydrogenase (decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (NADP+) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) Malate dehydrogenase (oxaloacetate-decarboxylating) (NADP+) Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase Sorbitol dehydrogenase Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: 3 Beta 3-beta-HSD NSDHL 11 Beta HSD11B1 HSD11B2 17 Beta

1.1.2: cytochrome acceptor	D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome) D-lactate dehydrogenase (cytochrome c-553) Mannitol dehydrogenase (cytochrome)

1.1.3: oxygen acceptor	Glucose oxidase L-gulonolactone oxidase Xanthine oxidase

1.1.4: disulfide as acceptor	Vitamin K epoxide reductase Vitamin-K-epoxide reductase (warfarin-insensitive)

1.1.5: quinone/similar acceptor	Malate dehydrogenase (quinone) Quinoprotein glucose dehydrogenase

1.1.99: other acceptors	Choline dehydrogenase L2HGDH

Enzymes

Activity	Active site Binding site Catalytic triad Oxyanion hole Enzyme promiscuity Catalytically perfect enzyme Coenzyme Cofactor Enzyme catalysis Enzyme kinetics Lineweaver–Burk plot Michaelis–Menten kinetics

Regulation	Allosteric regulation Cooperativity Enzyme inhibitor

Classification	EC number Enzyme superfamily Enzyme family List of enzymes

Types	EC1 Oxidoreductases(list) EC2 Transferases(list) EC3 Hydrolases(list) EC4 Lyases(list) EC5 Isomerases(list) EC6 Ligases(list)

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