DNM1L

Dynamin 1-like
Available structures
PDB Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
Identifiers
Symbols DNM1L ; DLP1; DRP1; DVLP; DYMPLE; EMPF; HDYNIV
External IDs OMIM: 603850 MGI: 1921256 HomoloGene: 6384 GeneCards: DNM1L Gene
EC number 3.6.5.5
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species Human Mouse
Entrez 10059 74006
Ensembl ENSG00000087470 ENSMUSG00000022789
UniProt O00429 Q8K1M6
RefSeq (mRNA) NM_001278463 NM_001025947
RefSeq (protein) NP_001265392 NP_001021118
Location (UCSC) Chr 12:
32.68 – 32.75 Mb		 Chr 16:
16.31 – 16.36 Mb
PubMed search

Dynamin-1-like protein is a GTPase that regulates mitochondrial fission. In humans, dynamin-1-like protein, which is typically referred to as dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), is encoded by the DNM1L gene.[1][2][3]

Structure

Drp1, which is a member of the dynamin superfamily of proteins, consists of a GTPase and GTPase effector domain that are separated from each other by a helical segment of amino acids.[4] There are 3 mouse and 6 human isoforms of Drp1, including a brain-specific variant.[5]

Function

Mitochondria routinely undergo fission and fusion events that maintain a dynamic reticular network. Drp1 is a fundamental component of mitochondrial fission.[6] Indeed, Drp1 neurons have large, strongly interconnected mitochondria.,[7] due to dysfunctional fission machinery. Fission helps facilitate mitophagy, which is the breakdown and recycling of damaged mitochondria. Dysfunction in the DRP activity may result in mutated DNA or malfunctioning proteins diffusing throughout the mitochondrial system. In addition, fission results in fragmented mitochondria more capable of producing of reactive oxygen species, which can disrupt normal biochemical processes inside of cells.[8] ROS can be formed from incomplete transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain. Furthermore, fission influences calcium flux within the cell, linking Drp1 to apoptosis and cancer.[9]

Several studies have indicated that Drp1 is essential for proper embryonic development. Drp1 knockout mice exhibit abnormal brain development and die around embryonic day 12. In neural specific Drp1 knockout mice, brain size is reduced and apoptosis is increased. Synapse formation and neurite growth are also impaired. A second group of researchers generated another neural specific knockout mouse line. They found that knocking out Drp1 resulted in the appearance of large mitochondria in Purkinje cells and prevented neural tube formation.[5]

In humans, loss of Drp1 function affects brain development and is also associated with early mortality.[4]

Interactions

The majority of knowledge about mitochondrial fission comes from studies with yeast. The yeast homolog of Drp1 is dynamin-1 (Dnm1), which interacts with Fis1 through Mdv1. This interaction causes Dnm1 to oligomerize and form rings around dividing mitochondria at the so-called "constriction point".[4][10] Drp1 has also been shown to interact with GSK3B.[2] In mammals, Drp1 receptors include Mff, Mid49 and Mid51[11][12]

Post-translational modifications to Drp1 (e.g. phosphorylation) can alter its activity and affect the rate of fission.[13]

Drp1 has two major phosphorylation sites. The CDK phosphorylation site is S579, and the PKA site is S600 in Drp1 isoform 3. Phosphorylation by CDK is though to be activating, whereas PKA phosphorylation is thought to inhibitory. Other post-translational modifications include S-nitrosylation, sumoylation, and ubiquitination. Higher S- nitrosylation modifications of Drp1, which enhances Drp1 activity, have been observed in Alzheimer’s Disease. Furthermore, Drp1 has been shown to interact with Aβ monomers, thought to play an important role in Alzheimer’s Disease, exacerbating the disease and its symptoms.[14] Drp1 has been linked to a number of pathways and processes including cell division, apoptosis, and necrosis. Drp1 has been shown to stabilize p53 during oxidative stress, promoting its translocation to the mitochondria and encouraging mitochondrial- related necrosis.[15] In addition, cyclin B1- CDK activates Drp1, causing fragmentation and ensuring mitochondria are distributed to each daughter cell after mitosis. Likewise, different transcriptional controllers are able to alter Drp1 activity through gene expression and regulation. For example, PPARGC1A and [HIF1A] regulated Drp1 activity through gene expression.[8]

Therapy

Inhibition of Drp1 has been considered for possible therapeutics for a variety of diseases. The most studied inhibitor is a small molecule named mitochondrial division inhibitor 1 (mdivi¬1). The inhibitor functions to prevent the GTPase activity of Drp1. Preventing the activation and localization to the mitochondria.[8] Midiv-1 has been demonstrated to attenuate the effects of ischemia reperfusion injury after cardiac arrest. The treatment prevented both mitochondria fragmentation and increased cell viability.[16] Similarly, midiv-1 has demonstrated neuroprotective effects by greatly reducing neuron death due to seizure. Furthermore, the study showed midiv-1 was capable to preventing the activation of caspase 3 by reversing the release of cytochrome c in intrinsic apoptosis.[17] Other than directly inhibiting Drp1, certain inhibitors of proteins involved in the posttranslational modifications of Drp1 have been studied. FK506 is a calcineurin inhibitor, which functions to dephosphorylate the serine 637 position of Drp1, encouraging translocation to the mitochondria and fragmentation. FK506 was shown to also preserve mitochondrial morphology after reperfusion injury.[16]

References

  1. ↑ Shin HW, Shinotsuka C, Torii S, Murakami K, Nakayama K (Sep 1997). "Identification and subcellular localization of a novel mammalian dynamin-related protein homologous to yeast Vps1p and Dnm1p". Journal of Biochemistry 122 (3): 525–30. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a021784. PMID 9348079.
  2. 1 2 Hong YR, Chen CH, Cheng DS, Howng SL, Chow CC (Aug 1998). "Human dynamin-like protein interacts with the glycogen synthase kinase 3beta". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 249 (3): 697–703. doi:10.1006/bbrc.1998.9253. PMID 9731200.
  3. ↑ "Entrez Gene: DNM1L dynamin 1-like".
  4. 1 2 3 Westermann B (Dec 2010). "Mitochondrial fusion and fission in cell life and death". Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology 11 (12): 872–84. doi:10.1038/nrm3013. PMID 21102612.
  5. 1 2 Reddy PH, Reddy TP, Manczak M, Calkins MJ, Shirendeb U, Mao P (Jun 2011). "Dynamin-related protein 1 and mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegenerative diseases". Brain Research Reviews 67 (1-2): 103–18. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2010.11.004. PMID 21145355.
  6. ↑ Smirnova E, Shurland DL, Ryazantsev SN, van der Bliek AM (Oct 1998). "A human dynamin-related protein controls the distribution of mitochondria". The Journal of Cell Biology 143 (2): 351–8. doi:10.1083/jcb.143.2.351. PMC 2132828. PMID 9786947.
  7. ↑ Wiemerslage L, Lee D (2016). "Quantification of mitochondrial morphology in neurites of dopaminergic neurons using multiple parameters.". J Neurosci Methods. doi:10.1016/j.jneumeth.2016.01.008. PMID 26777473.
  8. 1 2 3 Archer SL (Dec 2013). "Mitochondrial dynamics--mitochondrial fission and fusion in human diseases". The New England Journal of Medicine 369 (23): 2236–51. doi:10.1056/NEJMra1215233. PMID 24304053.
  9. ↑ Zhang C, Yuan XR, Li HY, Zhao ZJ, Liao YW, Wang XY, Su J, Sang SS, Liu Q (Jan 2014). "Downregualtion of dynamin-related protein 1 attenuates glutamate-induced excitotoxicity via regulating mitochondrial function in a calcium dependent manner in HT22 cells". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 443 (1): 138–43. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.11.072. PMID 24284040.
  10. ↑ Lackner LL, Horner JS, Nunnari J (Aug 2009). "Mechanistic analysis of a dynamin effector". Science 325 (5942): 874–7. doi:10.1126/science.1176921. PMID 19679814.
  11. ↑ Otera H, Wang C, Cleland MM, Setoguchi K, Yokota S, Youle RJ, Mihara K (Dec 2010). "Mff is an essential factor for mitochondrial recruitment of Drp1 during mitochondrial fission in mammalian cells". The Journal of Cell Biology 191 (6): 1141–58. doi:10.1083/jcb.201007152. PMC 3002033. PMID 21149567.
  12. ↑ Palmer CS, Osellame LD, Laine D, Koutsopoulos OS, Frazier AE, Ryan MT (Jun 2011). "MiD49 and MiD51, new components of the mitochondrial fission machinery". EMBO Reports 12 (6): 565–73. doi:10.1038/embor.2011.54. PMC 3128275. PMID 21508961.
  13. ↑ Knott AB, Perkins G, Schwarzenbacher R, Bossy-Wetzel E (Jul 2008). "Mitochondrial fragmentation in neurodegeneration". Nature Reviews. Neuroscience 9 (7): 505–18. doi:10.1038/nrn2417. PMID 18568013.
  14. ↑ Yan MH, Wang X, Zhu X (Sep 2013). "Mitochondrial defects and oxidative stress in Alzheimer disease and Parkinson disease". Free Radical Biology & Medicine 62: 90–101. doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.11.014. PMID 23200807.
  15. ↑ Guo X, Sesaki H, Qi X (Jul 2014). "Drp1 stabilizes p53 on the mitochondria to trigger necrosis under oxidative stress conditions in vitro and in vivo". The Biochemical Journal 461 (1): 137–46. doi:10.1042/BJ20131438. PMID 24758576.
  16. 1 2 Sharp WW, Fang YH, Han M, Zhang HJ, Hong Z, Banathy A, Morrow E, Ryan JJ, Archer SL (Jan 2014). "Dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1)-mediated diastolic dysfunction in myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: therapeutic benefits of Drp1 inhibition to reduce mitochondrial fission". FASEB Journal 28 (1): 316–26. doi:10.1096/fj.12-226225. PMID 24076965.
  17. ↑ Xie N, Wang C, Lian Y, Zhang H, Wu C, Zhang Q (Jun 2013). "A selective inhibitor of Drp1, mdivi-1, protects against cell death of hippocampal neurons in pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats". Neuroscience Letters 545: 64–8. doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2013.04.026. PMID 23628672.

Further reading

External links

This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Wednesday, January 27, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.