Daimler DE

Daimler DE
1947 Daimler DE 36 limousine landaulet
Overview
Manufacturer	Daimler Company
Parent company	Birmingham Small Arms Company
Production	1946-1953[1]
Assembly	Radford, Coventry, UK
Body and chassis
Class	luxury vehicle
Layout	FR
Body style(s)	as agreed with the coachbuilder
Vehicles	Daimler DE 27 Daimler DE 36 "Straight-Eight"
Related	Daimler DC, Daimler DH
Powertrain
Engine(s)	DE 27: 4.1 L Twenty-seven I6 DE 36: 5.4 L Thirty-six I8
Transmission(s)	4-speed Wilson-type pre-selector
Dimensions
Wheelbase	DE 27: 3,515 mm (138.4 in)[2] DE 36: 3,734 mm (147 in)[1]
Length	DE 27: 5,410 mm (213.0 in)[2] DE 36: 5,486 mm (216.0 in)[1] [note 1]
Width	DE 27: 1,870 mm (73.625 in)[2] DE 36: 1,867 mm (73.5 in)[1] [note 1]
Height	DE 27: 1,829 mm (72 in)[2] DE 36: [note 1]
Curb weight	DE 27: 2,527 kg; 5,572 lb (49.75 long cwt)[1][2] DE 36: 2,680 kg; 5,908 lb (52.75 long cwt)[1] [note 1]
Chronology
Predecessor	Daimler Light Straight-Eight Daimler V Straight-Eight
Successor	Daimler DK400

Daimler DE was a series of chassis made by the Daimler Company from 1946 to 1953. DE chassis were the basis for Daimler's largest and most expensive cars at the time. There were two versions: the short-wheelbase DE 27 with the Daimler Twenty-seven six cylinder engine, and the long-wheelbase DE 36, the last Daimler Straight-Eight, with the Thirty-six straight-eight engine. Daimler DEs, especially the DE 36 Straight-Eight, was sold to royalty and heads of state around the world, including British royalty under the Royal warrant that Daimler had held since 1900.

The DE chassis was also the basis for the DC ambulance chassis on which coachbuilders Barker and Hooper built five hundred units of the Daimler DC 27 Ambulance. A variant of the DC chassis became the DH chassis, on which fifty DH 27 limousines were built for Daimler Hire.

Features of the DE chassis

The DE chassis was designed by Daimler chief engineer C. M. Simpson.^[3][4] It was based on a separate steel frame, which was the conventional practice at the time. This allowed customers to order a rolling chassis and have a body custom-built to their own specifications by a coachbuilder.^[5] The side rails of the frame were reinforced by x-braced crossmembers.^[6]

The rear wheels were driven through a Hotchkiss drive system modified with control arms linking the rear axle casing to pivot points on the frame located directly above the true pivot of the leaf springs. These arms controlled the lateral movement of the rear axle without distorting the normal action of the springs, and allowed freedom in the vertical and longitudinal directions.^[6] Final drive was by hypoid gears, replacing the worm drive that had been used on final drives in Daimler cars since 1910.^[7] The rear track was 63 inches (1,600 mm) wide.^[2] Tyres were 8.00 x 17 all around.^[1]

Based on the design used with the DB 18 chassis,^[3] the front wheels were suspended independently of each other by pairs of control arms, of which the lower arms were of the wide-based wishbone type and were supported by coil springs mounted to the frame.^[6][8] The upper arm was shorter than the lower and operated Luvax-Girling dampers. The track rods were pivoted to swing at the same radius as the suspension links. The front dampers were connected to each other by an anti-roll bar.^[9] The front track was 60 inches (1,524 mm) wide.^[2]

The steering used Marles roller gear but, instead of the kingpin being inclined to create castor angle as was conventional, the hub centre was placed behind the kingpin centres. This was done to improve the controllability of the car.^[9]

Braking was by Girling hydro-mechanical brakes,^[3] with hydraulic brakes at the front wheels and mechanical brakes at the rear wheels.^[10] These were assisted by a Clayton-Dewandre servo motor^[3][11]

The bodywork available through Daimler included electrically operated windows and central divider, interior lights that were switched on when a door or the boot lid was opened, and warning lights on the rear wings that were on while the boot was open.^[7]

DE 27

1947 DE 27 Windover six-light limousine

The DE 27 was positioned between the DB 18 and the DE 36 Straight-Eight.^[12] It used the Twenty-seven engine^[12] and the short-wheelbase DE chassis.^[3] Production ended in 1951.^[1]

Twenty-seven engine

Daimler Twenty-seven engine
Overview
Manufacturer	Daimler Company
Production	1941–1953
Combustion chamber
Configuration	Straight-6
Displacement	4,095 cc (250 cu in)[1][2]
Cylinder bore	85.09 mm (3.35 in)[1][2]
Piston stroke	120.015 mm (4.73 in)[1][2]
Cylinder block alloy	cast iron
Cylinder head alloy	cast iron, detachable[7]
Valvetrain	OHV
Compression ratio	6.3:1[1]
Combustion
Fuel system	Armoured car: Two (2) Solex non-spillable carburettors[13] DE 27: Two (2) SU carburettors DC 27: One (1) Solex carburettor[14] DH 27:
Management	coil and distributor
Fuel type	petrol
Oil system	dry sump
Cooling system	water-cooled[1]
Output
Power output	Armoured car: 95 bhp (71 kW)[15][note 2] DE 27: 110 bhp (82 kW) at 3600 rpm[1] DC 27: 105 bhp (78 kW) at 3600 rpm[14] DH 27:
Torque output	Armoured car: DE 27: 190 lb·ft (260 N·m) at 1200 rpm[2] DC 27: DH 27:
Chronology
Predecessor	Daimler Light Straight-Eight E 4
Successor	DK400 4½-litre engine

The Twenty-seven straight-six engine was developed for use in the Daimler Armoured Car and was later used in the DE 27,^[16] the DC 27 ambulance,^[17] and the DH 27 hire limousine.

The engine had its cylinders cast together with the upper crankcase and featured a four-bearing crankshaft with counterbalancing weights. The big end bearings were flanged over the sides of the crankshaft to locate the rods against the crank webs, which reduced engine noise.^[9]

Other DE 27 specifications

The DE 27 chassis weighed 35 long hundredweight (1,778 kg; 3,920 lb) and had a wheelbase of 138.4 inches (3,515 mm). Its fluid capacities were 20 imperial gallons (91 L; 24 US gal) for petrol, 17.5 imperial pints (9.9 L; 21.0 US pt) for oil, and 31 imperial pints (17.6 L; 37.2 US pt) for coolant.^[2]

DE 36

1948 Daimler DE 36 all-weather tourer

The DE 36 was the last Daimler Straight-Eight and the last British motor car with a straight-eight engine to be made available to the public.^{[7][note 3]} It was offered in saloon, limousine and drophead coupe body styles.^[18]

In addition to British royalty, Daimler sold DE 36s to the royalty of Afghanistan, Ethiopia, the Netherlands, Monaco, Saudi Arabia, and Thailand. 205 DE 36 chassis were built.^[3] Production ended in 1953.^[1]

Show cars

1952 Daimler "Blue Clover" show car

Daimler and its coachbuilding subsidiary, Hooper, built three show cars on DE 36 chassis for display at the annual Earls Court Motor Show: the "Green Goddess", a 5-seat drophead coupé with a hydraulically operated hood, in 1947;^[19] the "Golden Daimler", a touring limousine with gold foil trim and 7,000 gold stars applied to the sides of the body, in 1951;^[20] and the "Blue Clover", a 5-seat fixed-head coupé, in 1952.^[21]

DE 36 specifications

The DE 36 used the Thirty-six straight-eight engine and had a wheelbase of 147 inches (3,734 mm).^[1]

DC 27 ambulance

Barker-bodied DC 27 ambulance in the livery of the Surrey Ambulance Service

After the Second World War, the London County Council commissioned a prototype ambulance and made enquiries to the motor industry for a similar vehicle. The Daimler Company offered to build an ambulance with nearly all the features of the prototype, including the essential requirements specified by an advisory committee to the Ministry of Health.^[22] Daimler designed and developed the DC 27 chassis specifically for this purpose.^[17] The DC 27 was the first purpose-built ambulance available in Britain after the Second World War.^[23]

The DC 27 was noted for its low floor level,^[24][23] which eased the work for stretcher crews,^[23] and for the large amount of space inside the working area.^[24] The working area had air conditioning and heating.^[24]

Advantages of the DC 27 included a high interior with good headroom, a smooth ride, and stable handling. Disadvantages included the lack of access to the cab from the working area, fuel consumption of approximately 8.5 miles per imperial gallon (33 L/100 km; 7.1 mpg_-US), and an inadequate braking system.^[25]

The London County Council placed an initial order of 120 DC 27 and standardised the type,^[25] eventually buying more than 200 overall.^[26] Other areas that used the type included Bath,^[26] Belfast, Birmingham, Carmarthenshire, Croydon, Cumberland, Hertfordshire, Isle of Wight, Nottingham, Plymouth, Salford, and Surrey.^[25] London decommissioned its last Daimler ambulance in 1964.^[22] Slow sales, a result of its high price,^[25] led Daimler to discontinue the DC 27^[22] after building five hundred chassis.^[3][17]

DC 27 specifications

Chassis numbers for the DC 27 ambulance went from 54000 to 54499.^[17] The bodies were first built by Barker & Co.; some later bodies were built by Hooper & Co.. The most visible difference between Barker and Hooper bodies is with the lines along the side of the body: Barker bodies have two lines while Hooper bodies have one.^[27] The body was based on an ash frame.^[28]

The DC 27 used the Twenty-seven engine with a modified distributor and a single Solex carburettor in place of the DE 27's twin SUs.^[14] In this tune, the engine delivered 105 bhp (78 kW; 106 PS) at 3,600 rpm,^[14] which gave a maximum speed of 60 mph (97 km/h).^[29] Typical of Daimler vehicles of the time, the transmission was a four-speed Wilson-type pre-selector gearbox with a fluid flywheel.^[24] Like the DE chassis on which it was based, the DC 27 had hypoid gear drive, independent front suspension, and hydro-mechanical brakes.^[24] The engine was positioned at a slight angle from longitudinal and the final drive and differential were offset toward the left.^[30] The DC 27 had a wheelbase of 150 inches (3,810 mm).^[31]

DH 27 limousine

Daimler DH 27[30]
Overview
Manufacturer	Daimler Company (chassis) Hooper & Co. (body)
Production	1951–1952 50 made [32]
Assembly	Radford, Coventry, UK
Body and chassis
Class	luxury vehicle (for hire)
Body style	limousine
Layout	FR
Platform	DH (based on DC ambulance chassis)
Related	Daimler DE 27 Daimler DC 27 ambulance
Powertrain
Engine	4.1 L Twenty-seven I6
Transmission	4-speed Wilson-type pre-selector
Dimensions
Wheelbase	3,810.0 mm (150 in)
Length	5,715.0 mm (225 in)
Width	1,981.2 mm (78 in)
Height	2,108.2 mm (83 in)
Kerb weight	2,858 kg (6,300 lb) unladen

A batch of fifty DH 27 limousines were built for Daimler Hire, with bodies built by Hooper.^[30] The DH 27 seated up to seven passengers and was equipped with air conditioning, a heater, and an electrically-operated partition between the passengers and the driver.^[33]

A DH 27, chassis number D 52948, which had been decommissioned by Daimler Hire and bought by Vickers-Armstrongs, was bought from Vickers by Thomas Corbett, 2nd Baron Rowallan in 1961 for use as his official state car as Governor of Tasmania.^[32]

DH 27 specifications

The DH 27 chassis, numbered from D 52900 to D 52949, were based on the DC 27 Ambulance chassis^[30] and had the same 150 in (3,810 mm) wheelbase,^[3][31][30] which was three inches longer than that of the DE 36 Straight-Eight.^[1] The track was 60 inches (1,524 mm) at the front and 62 inches (1,575 mm) at the rear.^[30]

See also

• Rolls-Royce Silver Wraith - a competitor to the DE 27
  • Bentley Mark VI - a badge-engineered version of the Silver Wraith
• Rolls-Royce Phantom IV - a highly exclusive competitor to the DE 36

Notes

Footnotes

1. These data are for bodies available through Daimler; custom bodies would be as agreed with the coachbuilder.
2. According to Nixon 1946, p. 203, the armoured car engine delivered 100 bhp (75 kW) at 3600 rpm.
3. Examples of the straight-eight powered Rolls-Royce Phantom IV were built after the DE 36 ended production in 1953, but the Phantom IV was available only to royalty and heads of state.

Citations

1. Culshaw & Horrobin 2013, p. 116.
2. The Post-War 27 h.p. Daimler, p.16
3. Sedgwick 1979, p. 249.
4. The Post-War 27 h.p. Daimler, p.17
5. Smith 1972, pp. 149–150.
6. Smith 1972, p. 148.
7. Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, p. 249.
8. The Post-War 27 h.p. Daimler, p.21
9. Smith 1972, p. 149.
10. The Post-War 27 h.p. Daimler, p.20
11. The Post-War 27 h.p. Daimler, pp.20–21
12. Smith 1972, p. 147.
13. Nixon 1946, p. 203.
14. Smith 1977, p. 157.
15. Bishop 2002, p. 90.
16. Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, pp. 246, 249.
17. Smith 1972, p. 157.
18. Michael Sedgwick & Mark Gillies, A-Z of Cars 1945-1970, page 48
19. Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, p. 257.
20. Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, pp. 258–259.
21. Douglas-Scott-Montagu & Burgess-Wise 1995, p. 262.
22. Stewart 1966, p. 75.
23. Batten 1996, p. 23.
24. Junner 1953, p. 103.
25. Batten 1996, p. 24.
26. Hill 2003, pp. 131–132.
27. Batten 1996, pp. 23, 24.
28. Batten 1996, pp. 23–24.
29. The Motor, Volume 97, p.24
30. Smith 1972, p. 158.
31. Hill 2003, p. 131.
32. John Hiscox's DH 27
33. The Motor, Volume 100, p. 483

References

• Batten, Chris (1996). "Post-War Developments". Ambulances. Princes Risborough, Bucks. UK: Shire Publications. pp. 20–29. ISBN 0-7478-0329-3.
• Bishop, Chris, ed. (2002) [1998]. "Armoured Cars". The Encyclopedia of Weapons of World War II. New York, NY US: Metrobooks. pp. 83–93. ISBN 1-58663-762-2.
• Culshaw, David; Horrobin, Peter (2013) [1974]. "Daimler". The Complete Catalogue of British Cars 1895 - 1975 (e-book ed.). Poundbury, Dorchester, UK: Veloce Publishing. pp. 109–118. ISBN 978-1-845845-83-4.
• Douglas-Scott-Montagu, Edward John Barrington & Burgess-Wise, David (1995). Daimler Century: The full history of Britain's oldest car maker. Foreword by HRH The Duke of Edinburgh. Sparkford, Nr Yeovil, Somerset, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 1 85260 494 8.
• Hill, Dennis (2003). "11. New Obligations". Bath Fire Brigade and Ambulance Service, 1891-1974: An Illustrated History. Bath, UK: Millstream Books. ISBN 0 948975 69 5.
• Junner, G. MacKenzie, ed. (13 November 1953). "New Models Among Lakes at Kelvin Hall". The Commercial Motor (London, UK: Temple Press Ltd.) 98 (2531): 96–98, 103–106, 132–133.
• Nixon, St. John C. (1946), "Production for Victory", Daimler 1896 to 1946: 50 Years of the Daimler Company, G.T. Foulis & Co., pp. 198–213
• Sedgwick, Michael (1979). The motor car, 1946-56. B. T. Batsford. ISBN 0713412712.
• Smith, Brian E. (1972). The Daimler Tradition. Isleworth, UK: Transport Bookman. ISBN 085184 014 0.
• Stewart, A. B. (1966). Report of the County Medical Officer of Health and Principal School Medical Officer for the Year 1964 (Report). London County Council. p. 75. Retrieved 2014-12-17.
• "D.H.27 Hire Cars". The Motor (Temple Press) 100: 483. 1952. Specially built for Daimler Hire, Ltd., of London, this is one of the fifty new "D.H.27" Daimlers believed to be the biggest hire cars on the road. Up to seven passengers can be carried, and the cars are designed for comfortable touring, being provided with air conditioning, efficient heaters, special sight-seeing windows, and electrically operated partitions.
• from Daimler Digest, pp 5–7 (June–July 2010). "The Post-War 27 h.p. Daimler" (PDF). Daimler & Lanchester Owners’ Club in New Zealand (magazine) (Daimler & Lanchester Owners’ Club in New Zealand): 16–21. line feed character in |journal= at position 29 (help)
• "John Hiscox's DH 27". Daimler and Lanchester Owners' Car Club of Australia. Springwood, New South Wales, Australia. Archived from the original on 14 December 2014. Retrieved 14 December 2014. External link in |website= (help)
• "unknown". The Motor (Temple Press) 97: 124. 1950. 5. Ambulance body on D.C. 27 ambulance chassis. This vehicle is powered by a six-cylinder, 4,095 c.c. engine developing 110 b.h.p., which gives a maximum speed of 60 m.p.h.

External links

• Media related to Daimler Twenty-Seven at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Daimler Thirty-Six at Wikimedia Commons
• Media related to Daimler Ambulance at Wikimedia Commons
• Royal Daimler conservation on YouTube - short documentary on the National Museum of Australia's restoration of a Daimler DE 36 used in Queen Elizabeth II's visit in 1952
• SOLD : 1948 Daimler DE36 limousine cold start on YouTube - video documenting a DE 36 limousine.