Daryal radar

Daryal

Daryal radar in Pechora
Country of origin	Soviet Union, Russia
Introduced	1984
Number built	8 planned, 2 operational
Type	Early-warning radar
Frequency	150–200 MHz (VHF)
Range	Around 6,000 kilometres (3,728 mi)[1][2]^:74
Diameter	Transmitter 30×40 m Receiver 80×80 m separated by 0.5–1.5 km
Azimuth	90°[1][2]^:74
Elevation	40°[2]^:74[1]
Other Names	NATO: Pechora GRAU: 5N79, 90N6.

The Daryal-type radar (Russian: Дарьял) (NATO: Pechora) is a Soviet bistatic early-warning radar. It consists of two separate large active phased-array antennas separated by around 500 metres (1,640 ft) to 1.5 kilometres (4,921 ft). The transmitter array is 30 m × 40 m (98 ft × 131 ft) and the receiver is 80 m × 80 m (260 ft × 260 ft) in size. The system is a VHF system operating at a wavelength of 1.5 to 2 meters (150 to 200 MHz). Its initial transmit capacity was 50 MW with a target capacity of 350 MW.^[3]

The designer of the radars, RTI Mints, says that each Daryal receiver is 100 × 100 m and has 4,000 cross dipoles. Each transmitter is 40 × 40 m with 1,260 modules, each capable of 300 kW. They say the radar has a range of 6,000 km with targets between 0.1–0.12 m².^[4][2]:74 It can track 20 objects at the same time and can cope with four jamming sources.^[2]:74 The designer, Viktor Ivantsov, was awarded the title "Hero of Labour" for his work on the Daryal.^[5]

The first Daryal type radar was built at Olenegorsk in 1977. It was the receiver building only and was called a Daugava rather than a Daryal. It used the transmitter of the adjacent Dnestr-M radar. Following this, in 1979, two Daryal radars were constructed in Pechora and Qabala. New Daryal-U radars were planned for Balkhash-9 near Sary Shagan in Kazakhstan, Mishelevka near Irkutsk and Yeniseysk-15 near Krasnoyarsk in Siberia. Two Daryal-UM systems were to be constructed at in Skrunda, Latvia and Mukachevo, Ukraine.^[6][7][8]

Originally, at least seven Daryal facilities were planned, however, only the first two facilities completed, named Pechora and Gabala, were ever operational.

The American Clinton administration offered financial assistance in completing the Mishelevka facility in exchange for amending the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty to allow US deployment of a national missile defense system.^[9] Russia rejected this proposal and in 2002 the US unilaterally withdrew from the ABM treaty. The Mukachevo one in the Ukraine was never completed after the fall of the Soviet Union and the Skrunda facility was demolished by a newly independent Latvia, arranged by the US Department of Defence.^[6][10] The Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk) Daryal-U site caused concern in the west over compliance with the ABM Treaty during its construction in the 1980s. Article VI(b) requires radars to be on the periphery of national territory and to face outwards and the Yeniseysk radar faced over Siberia. Following negotiations, in September 1989 the Soviets admitted it was a violation of the treaty, construction ceased and the facility was eventually dismantled.^{[6][8][11][12]}

Variants

The prototype Daryal receiver is called a Daugava (5U83) and works with a Dnestr-M transmitter. It is half the size of the Daryal receivers but has the same equipment and computer systems.^[13]

The original Daryal (5N79) was improved by revisions Daryal-U (90N6) and Daryal-UM.^[14][15] A Daryal-U had half the transmitters of a Daryal.^[13] The Volga radar (70M6) is a Daryal-like radar operating on a decimeter wavelength (UHF) rather than the meter wavelength (VHF) of the Daryal. It was originally planned that there would be a number of these to complement the Daryal. The only Volga built is the one at Baranavichy which originally started in 1982, stopped in the early 1990s, restarted in 1999 and became operational in 2003.^[6]

• 

  A US military artist's concept of a Daryal facility - transmitter on the left, receiver on the right

• 

  Planned and operational Daryal radars

• 

  Ruin of Daryal-UM radar in Mukachevo, Ukraine (2003)

Locations

Designation	Location	Coordinates	Azimuth [6]	Type	Built	Details
RO-1	Olenegorsk-1, Olenegorsk, Kola Peninsula, Russia	68°6′59.63″N 33°55′8.69″E / 68.1165639°N 33.9190806°E receiver	308°	Daugava	1975–1977	Uses the Dnestr-M radar as transmitter [6] Operational [16][17]
RO-2	Skrunda-1, Latvia	56°43′40.92″N 21°58′58.10″E / 56.7280333°N 21.9828056°E receiver	308°	Daryal-UM	1986–1991	Demolished 1995 [10]
-	Hantsavichy Radar Station (often listed as Baranavichy), Kleck-2, Belarus	52°49′59.95″N 26°28′31.83″E / 52.8333194°N 26.4755083°E transmitter 52°51′41.98″N 26°28′2.88″E / 52.8616611°N 26.4674667°E receiver	262.5°	Volga	1986–2003	In operation
RO-5	Mukachevo Radar Station, Ukraine	48°23′6.56″N 22°48′1.72″E / 48.3851556°N 22.8004778°E transmitter 48°23′18.41″N 22°47′37.71″E / 48.3884472°N 22.7938083°E receiver	218°	Daryal-UM	1986–1991	Demolished 2011
RO-7	Gabala Radar Station, Qabala, Azerbaijan	40°52′16.62″N 47°48′32.25″E / 40.8712833°N 47.8089583°E transmitter 40°52′4.54″N 47°47′44.60″E / 40.8679278°N 47.7957222°E receiver	162°	Daryal	1977–1985	Halted in 2012[18]
RO-30	Pechora Radar Station, Pechora, Komi Republic, Russia	65°12′36.59″N 57°17′43.38″E / 65.2101639°N 57.2953833°E transmitter 65°12′36.55″N 57°16′34.68″E / 65.2101528°N 57.2763000°E receiver	2° (estimated)	Daryal	1975–1984	In operation[19]
OS-1	Mishelevka Radar Station, Usolye-Sibirskoye, Irkutsk, Russia	52°51′20.11″N 103°13′53.94″E / 52.8555861°N 103.2316500°E transmitter 52°51′42.02″N 103°14′20.49″E / 52.8616722°N 103.2390250°E receiver	135°	Daryal-U	1979–1984	Demolished 2011. Being replaced by a Voronezh radar.[20]
OS-2	Balkhash Radar Station, Sary Shagan, Kazakhstan	46°35′19.48″N 74°27′59.19″E / 46.5887444°N 74.4664417°E transmitter 46°36′2.70″N 74°29′51.67″E / 46.6007500°N 74.4976861°E receiver	152° (estimated)	Daryal-U	1984–1992	Receiver destroyed by fire 2004,[21] ruined 2010
OS-3	Yeniseysk-15, Krasnoyarsk, Russia	57°52′5.67″N 93°7′7.26″E / 57.8682417°N 93.1186833°E transmitter 57°52′24.22″N 93°6′28.09″E / 57.8733944°N 93.1078028°E receiver	40° (estimated)	Daryal-U	1983–1987	Halted in 1989 and dismantled[22][23]

References

1. Радиолокационная станция "Дарьял" [Radar Daryal] (in Russian). Russian Ministry of Defence. n.d. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
2. Nikolai Spassky, ed. (2002). Encyclopedia "Russia’s Arms and Technologies. The XXI Century Encyclopedia": Volume 5 — "Space weapons" (in English and Russian). Moscow: Publishing House "Arms and Technologies". ISBN 5-93799-010-2.
3. "Pechora LPAR - Daryal". GlobalSecurity.org. n.d. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
4. Мощные РЛС дальнего обнаружения РЛС СПРН и СККП [Powerful radar early warning system and space surveillance] (in Russian). RTI Mints. n.d. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
5. История РТИ [History of RTI] (in Russian). RTI Mints. n.d. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
6. Podvig, Pavel (2002). "History and the Current Status of the Russian Early-Warning System" (pdf). Science and Global Security 10: 21–60. doi:10.1080/08929880212328. ISSN 0892-9882.
7. Bukharin, Oleg; Kadyshev, Timur; Miasnikov, Eugene; Podvig, Pavel; Sutyagin, Igor; Tarashenko, Maxim; Zhelezov, Boris (2001). Podvig, Pavel, ed. Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-16202-4.
8. Karpenko, A (1999). "ABM AND SPACE DEFENSE". Nevsky Bastion 4: 2–47. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02.
9. "Mishelevka". GlobalSecurity.org. n.d. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
10. "LPAR facility". Controlled Demolition, Inc. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
11. "Yeniseysk (Krasnoyarsk)". GlobalSecurity.org. n.d. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
12. "TREATY BETWEEN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA AND THE UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS ON THE LIMITATION OF ANTI-BALLISTIC MISSILE SYSTEMS". 1972. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-21.
13. Ilyin, A (June 2012). "Воронеж" в сердце Азии [Voronezh at the heart of Asia] (in Russian). Novosti Kosmonavtiki. Archived from the original on 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2012-10-13.
14. O'Connor, Sean (2009). "Russian/Soviet Anti-Ballistic Missile Systems". Air Power Australia. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
15. Holm, Michael (2011). "1st Missile Attack Early Warning Division". Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-07.
16. Shko (2008). СПРН [SPRN (early warning)] (photograph) (in Russian). Retrieved 2012-01-08.
17. SityShooter (2011). "РЛС "Днестр" - "Днепр-М" (actually is Daugava left)" [Radar Dnestr-Dnepr-M] (photograph) (in Russian). Retrieved 2012-01-29.
18. "Russia suspended operations of the early-warning radar in Gabala". Russian Strategic Nuclear Forces. December 10, 2012. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
19. Стоит в Печоре монолит [It is a monolith in Pechora] (Video) (in Russian). Волна-плюс [Volna-Plus]. 2005.
20. Podvig, Pavel (2011-06-21). "Daryal-U radar in Mishelevka demolished". Russian strategic nuclear forces. Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2012-01-30.
21. Safiullin, Rakhim (2005-09-08). Пожар на сооружении №2, 17 сентября 2004 года [Fire in building number 2, September 17, 2004] (in Russian). Archived from the original on 2012-12-02. Retrieved 2011-12-22.
22. Presenter: Игорь Воеводин [Igor Voevodin] (2011-03-21). "Разрушение Красноярской РЛС [The destruction of the Krasnoyarsk radar]". Ностальгия [Nostalgia] (in Russian). Pravda. Retrieved 2011-12-23.
23. josef s (2007). "jenisseisk 15" (photograph). Retrieved 2012-05-01.