David E. Lilienthal

David E. Lilienthal
David E. Lilienthal before a Senate committee in 1937.
Member, Wisconsin Public Service Commission
In office 1931–1933
Governor	Philip La Follette
Co-Director, Tennessee Valley Authority
In office 1933–1941
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt
Chairman, Tennessee Valley Authority
In office 1941–1946
President	Franklin D. Roosevelt Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	No predecessor
Succeeded by	Gordon R. Clapp
Chairman, United States Atomic Energy Commission
In office 1946–1950
President	Harry S. Truman
Preceded by	No predecessor
Succeeded by	Gordon Dean
Personal details
Born	David Eli Lilienthal July 8, 1899 Morton, Illinois
Died	January 15, 1981 (aged 81) New York City
Spouse(s)	Helen Marian Lamb
Alma mater	DePauw University Harvard Law School
Signature

David Eli Lilienthal (July 8, 1899 – January 15, 1981) was an American attorney and public administrator, best known for leading the Tennessee Valley Authority and later the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC). He had practiced public utility law and led the Wisconsin Public Utilities Commission.

Later he was co-author with Dean Acheson (later Secretary of State) of the 1946 Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy, which outlined possible methods for international control of nuclear weapon. As chair of the AEC, he was one of the pioneers in civilian management of nuclear power resources.

Early life

Born in Morton, Illinois in 1899, David Lilienthal was the oldest son of Jewish immigrants from Austria-Hungary. His mother Minna Rosenak (1874–1956) came from Szomolány (now Smolenice) in Slovakia, emigrating to America at age 17. His father Leo Lilienthal (1868–1951) was from Hungary, serving several years in the Hungarian army before emigrating to the United States in 1893. Minna and Leo were married in Chicago in 1897, then moved to the town of Morton, where Leo briefly operated a dry goods store.^[1]

Leo's business ventures took the family several places. Young David was raised principally in the Indiana towns of Valparaiso and Michigan City.^[2] Although he spent part of his sophomore year in Gary, he graduated in 1916 from Elston High School in Michigan City.^[3][4]

Education and marriage

Lilienthal attended DePauw University in Greencastle, Indiana, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 1920.^[5] There he joined Delta Upsilon social fraternity and was elected president of the student body.^[6] He was active in forensics and won a state oratorical contest in 1918.^[7] He also gained distinction as a light heavyweight boxer.^[8]

After a summer job in 1920 as a reporter for the Mattoon, Illinois, Daily Journal-Gazette, Lilienthal entered Harvard Law School.^[9] Although his grades were average until his third and final year at Harvard, he acquired an important mentor in Professor Felix Frankfurter, later an associate justice of the United States Supreme Court.^[10]

While at DePauw, Lilienthal met his future wife, Helen Marian Lamb (1896–1999), a fellow student. Born in Oklahoma, she had moved with her family to Crawfordsville, Indiana, in 1913.^[11] They were married in Crawfordsville in 1923,^[12] after Helen had completed her M.A. at Radcliffe while David was a law student at Harvard.^[13]

Law practice and public appointment

With a strong recommendation from Frankfurter, Lilienthal entered the practice of law in Chicago in 1923 with Donald Richberg.^[14] Prominent in labor law, Richberg gave Lilienthal a major role in writing his firm's brief for the appellants in Michaelson v. United States, 266 U.S. 42 (1924), a landmark case in which the Supreme Court upheld the right of striking railroad workers to jury trials in cases in which they were charged with criminal contempt.^[15] Richberg also assigned Lilienthal to write major parts of what became the Railway Labor Act of 1926.^[16] In 1925, Lilienthal assisted criminal defense lawyers Clarence Darrow and Arthur Garfield Hays in their successful defense of Dr. Ossian Sweet, an African-American physician tried in Detroit for killing a white man who was part of a mob that attacked Sweet's home.^[17] Afterward, Lilienthal wrote about the case and issues of self-defense in an article published in The Nation.^[18]

Lilienthal left Richberg's firm in 1926 to concentrate on public utility law.^[19] He represented the city of Chicago in the case of Smith v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 282 U.S. 133 (1930), in which a decision of the U.S. Supreme Court resulted in a refund of $20,000,000 to telephone customers who had been overcharged.^[8] From 1926 to 1931, Lilienthal also edited a legal information service on public utilities for Commerce Clearing House.^[8] In 1931, Wisconsin's reform-minded Republican governor, Philip La Follette, asked him to become a member of the state's reorganized Railroad Commission, renamed that year as the Public Service Commission.^[20][21]

As the commission's leading member, Lilienthal expanded its staff and launched aggressive investigations of Wisconsin's gas, electric and telephone utilities.^[22] By September 1932, the commission achieved rate reductions totaling more than $3 million affecting over a half-million customers.^[23] But, its attempt to force a one-year 12.5 percent rate cut on the Wisconsin Telephone Company, a subsidiary of AT&T, was quashed by the Wisconsin courts.^[24] After La Follette's defeat in the 1932 Republican primary election, Lilienthal began putting out feelers for a federal appointment in the newly elected Democratic administration of President Franklin D. Roosevelt.^[25]

Lilienthal and the Tennessee Valley Authority

David E. Lilienthal listens to testimony at a Congressional hearing in 1938 called to investigate charges brought against the TVA by its former chair, Arthur E. Morgan.

Lilienthal's credentials for being appointed to the three-person board overseeing the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) were earned as a member of the Wisconsin Public Service Commission under Wisconsin's innovative governor Philip La Follette. Lilienthal performed very well in that post, and he was aided in joining the TVA by the persistent lobbying of his old law professor Frankfurter.

The TVA was established so that the Federal government could develop and distribute cheap hydroelectric power into rural areas that were not served by private utilities. Developed in the darkest days of the Great Depression, the TVA was envisioned by its supporters as a federal development vehicle to modernize the region's infrastructure through electricity, attract industry, and improve the economic and social lives of rural people. Accordingly, the TVA also established extensive education programs, and a library service that distributed books in the many rural hamlets that lacked a library. Opponents led by Wendell Willkie said the TVA was hostile to private enterprise and socialistic.

Atomic energy

In January 1946, following the end of World War II and victory by the Allies, U.S. Under Secretary of State Dean Acheson asked Lilienthal to chair a five-member panel of consultants to a committee including him and four others, who were to advise President Harry S. Truman and Secretary of State James F. Byrnes about the position of the United States at the United Nations on the new menace of nuclear weapons. At the time, the US held a monopoly on these weapons.^[26]

Lilienthal described the purpose of Acheson's request:

"Those charged with foreign policy -- the Secretary of State (Byrnes) and the President -- did not have either the facts nor an understanding of what was involved in the atomic energy issue, the most serious cloud hanging over the world. Comments...have been made and are being made...without a knowledge of what the hell it is all about -- literally!" ^[27][28]

The result was a 60-page Report on the International Control of Atomic Energy, better known as the Acheson-Lilienthal Report. Released in March 1946, it proposed that the United States offer to turn over its monopoly on nuclear weapons to an international agency, in return for a system of strict inspections and control of fissile materials. This position was highly controversial.

Lilienthal was fascinated and appalled by the information he soon absorbed about the power of the atomic bomb. On January 28, 1946, he wrote in his journal:

"No fairy tale that I read in utter rapture and enchantment as a child, no spy mystery, no "horror" story, can remotely compare with the scientific recital I listened to for six or seven hours today." "...I feel that I have been admitted, through the strangest accident of fate, behind the scenes in the most awful and inspiring drama since some primitive man looked for the very first time upon fire." ^[29][30]

David E. Lilienthal (right) met with General Leslie R. Groves (left), Director of the Manhattan Project, at Oak Ridge, Tennessee, on October 1, 1946, to discuss the transfer of responsibility for atomic energy to the new Atomic Energy Commission, which President Harry S. Truman nominated Lilienthal to chair.

Instead, the United States established the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) to provide civilian control of this resource. Lilienthal was appointed as chair of the AEC on October 28, 1946 and served until February 15, 1950, one of the pioneers of civilian control of the American atomic energy program. He intended to administer a program that would "harness the atom" for peaceful purposes, principally atomic power.^[31]

The AEC was responsible for managing atomic energy development for the military as well as for civilian use. Lilienthal was responsible for ensuring that the Commander-in-Chief would have the use of a number of working atomic bombs. As chairman of the AEC in the late 1940s, during the early years of the Cold War, Lilienthal played an important role in managing relations between the scientific community and the U.S. Government.

In his 1963 book, Change, Hope and the Bomb, Lilienthal criticized nuclear developments, denouncing the nuclear industry's failure to have addressed the dangers of nuclear waste. He suggested that a civil atomic energy program should not be pursued until the "substantial health hazards involved were eliminated".^[32] Lilienthal argued that it would be "particularly irresponsible to go ahead with the construction of full scale nuclear power plants without a safe method of nuclear waste disposal having been demonstrated". However, Lilienthal stopped short of a blanket rejection of nuclear power. His view was that a more cautious approach was necessary.^[32]

Lilienthal as businessman

Lilienthal resigned from the Atomic Energy Commission in 1950. He was concerned that after years of relatively low-paying public service, he needed to make some money to provide for his wife and two children, and to secure funds for his retirement.

He worked for several years for the investment bank Lazard Freres. Later he wrote about this period in his journal:

"A serene life apparently isn't the thing I crave. I live on enthusiasm, zest; and when I don't feel it, the bottom sags below sea level, and it is agony, no less."

In 1955, he formed an engineering and consulting firm called Development and Resources Corporation (D&R), which shared some of the TVA's objectives: major public power and public works projects. Lilienthal leveraged the financial backing of Lazard Freres to found his company. He hired former associates from the TVA to work with him. D&R focused on overseas clients, including the Khuzistan region of Iran, the Cauca Valley of Colombia, Venezuela, India, southern Italy, Ghana, Nigeria, Morocco, and South Vietnam.

Lilienthal as writer

In May 1917, as a 17-year-old college freshman, Lilienthal met a young lawyer in Gary, Indiana. He later recalled that the lawyer

"noticed how seriously I was looking at life in general and suggested as a remedy for this and as a source of amusement and self-cultivation the keeping of a diary of a different sort than the "ate today" "was sick yesterday" variety, but rather a record of the impressions I received from various sources; my reactions to books, people, events; my opinions and ideas on religion, sex, etc. The idea appealed to me at once."^[33]

Lilienthal kept such a journal until the end of his life. In 1959, Lilienthal's son-in-law Sylvain Bromberger suggested that he consider publishing his private journals. Lilienthal wrote to Cass Canfield at Harper & Row; the company eventually published his journals in seven volumes, appearing between 1964 and 1983. They received largely positive reviews.^[34]

Lilienthal's other books include TVA: Democracy on the March (1944), This I Do Believe (1949), Big Business: A New Era (1953) and Change, Hope and the Bomb (1963).

Last years

His company D&R struggled financially during Lilienthal's final years. A promised infusion of capital from the Rockefeller family was not fully realized.

In 1980, Lilienthal had two separate serious health problems. He had a bilateral hip replacement and cataract surgery in one eye. He needed crutches and a cane at various points. Eye problems made it almost impossible for him to read or write, which had been two of his great comforts in times of stress and lifelong pleasures.

He died in his sleep in January 1981.^[35]

Awards and honors

• In 1951 Lilienthal was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.^[36]

Notes and references

1. Neuse, p. 2.
2. Neuse, pp. 2-3.
3. Neuse, pp. 5-6.
4. "Elston High School, Michigan City, Indiana, 1901 to 1919". Retrieved February 27, 2012.
5. Who Was Who, Vol. VII, p. 381.
6. Neuse, p. 12.
7. "Oratory and Debate at early DePauw". DePauw University. Retrieved February 10, 2012.
8. Current Biography, 1944, p. 413.
9. Neuse, pp. 19-20.
10. Neuse, pp. 20-22.
11. Neuse, pp. 9-10.
12. Montgomery County, Indiana, Marriage Index, 1875-2010. Crawfordsville District Public Library Local History Database
13. McCraw, Morgan vs. Lilienthal, p. 20.
14. Neuse, pp. 24-25.
15. Neuse, pp. 29-30.
16. Neuse, pp. 32-33.
17. Neuse, p. 28.
18. David E. Lilienthal, "Has the Negro the Right of Self-Defense?" The Nation, December 23, 1925, pp. 724-725.
19. Neuse, pp. 35-38.
20. Neuse, p. 43.
21. At the time, this body was still called the Railroad Commission. It became the Public Service Commission on June 8, 1931. "Shaping Utility Regulation in Wisconsin". Wisconsin Public Service Commission. Retrieved February 14, 2012.
22. Neuse, pp. 45-48.
23. Neuse, p. 50.
24. Neuse, pp. 53-54. See also Wisconsin Telephone Co. v. Public Service Commission, 232 Wis. 274; 287 N.W. 122 (1939); cert. den. 309 U.S. 657; 84 L.Ed. 1006, 60 S.Ct. 514 (1940), in which the Wisconsin Supreme Court held that to authorize rate orders without hearing would be to confer unlimited arbitrary power to take utility property.
25. Neuse, p. 61.
26. The other committee members were James Bryant Conant, Vannevar Bush, John J. McCloy and Leslie R. Groves. In addition to Lilienthal, the consultants were: Chester I. Barnard, President, New Jersey Bell Telephone Company; J. Robert Oppenheimer, formerly of the Manhattan Project; Charles Allen Thomas, Vice President and Technical Director, Monsanto Chemical Company; and Harry A. Winne, Vice-President in Charge of Engineering Policy, General Electric Company.
27. Lilienthal Journals, Vol. 2, p. 10.
28. Quoted in Cooke, p. 42.
29. Lilienthal Journals, Vol. 2, pp. 24-25.
30. Quoted in Cooke, p. 45.
31. President Truman announced Lilienthal's appointment to the AEC on October 28, 1946. "Truman Atom Board Text". New York Times. October 29, 1946. Retrieved January 31, 2012. He was confirmed by the Senate on April 9, 1947. "LILIENTHAL WINS SENATE VOTE, 50-31, AS U.S. ATOM HEAD". New York Times. April 10, 1947. Retrieved January 31, 2012.
32. Wolfgang Rudig (1990). Anti-nuclear Movements: A World Survey of Opposition to Nuclear Energy, Longman, p. 61.
33. Lilienthal Journals, Vol. 1, p.1.
34. Neuse, p. xvi.
35. Neuse, p. 315
36. "Public Welfare Award". National Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 17 February 2011.

Bibliography

• Cooke, Stephanie (2009). In Mortal Hands: A Cautionary History of the Nuclear Age. Bloomsbury USA. ISBN 978-1-59691-617-3.
• Lilienthal, David E. (1964). The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Vol. 1: The TVA Years, 1939-1945. Harper and Row. OCLC 311554182.
• Lilienthal, David E. (1964). The Journals of David E. Lilienthal, Vol. 2: The Atomic Energy Years, 1945-1950. Harper and Row. OCLC 270757551.
• McCraw, Thomas K. (1970). Morgan vs. Lilienthal:The Feud within the TVA. Loyola University Press. OCLC 65751.
• Neuse, Steven M. (1996). David E. Lilienthal: The Journey of an American Liberal. University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 0-87049-940-8.
• Current Biography, 1944. H. W. Wilson Company. 1945. OCLC 650488160.
• Who Was Who, Volume VII, 1977-1981. Marquis Who's Who, Inc. 1981. ISBN 0-8379-0210-X.

Further reading

• Ekbladh, David. (2002). 'Mr. TVA': Grass-Roots Development, David Lilienthal, and the Rise and Fall of the Tennessee Valley Authority as a Symbol for U.S. Overseas Development, 1933–1973. Diplomatic History, 26(3), 335–374.
• Ekbladh, David. (2008). Profits of Development: The Development and Resources Corporation and Cold War Modernization. Princeton University Library Chronicle, 69(3), 487–505.
• Hargrove, Erwin E. (1994). Prisoner of Myth: The Leadership of the Tennessee Valley Authority, 1933–1990.
• Lilienthal, David. (1944). TVA: Democracy on the March.
• Lilienthal, David. (1971). The Journals of David Lilienthal, Vol. V, 1959–1963.
• Lilienthal, David. (1983). The Journals of David Lilienthal, Vol. VII, 1968–1981.
• Wang, Jessica. (1999). American Science in an Age of Anxiety. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press. ISBN 0-8078-4749-6.
• Brooks, John. (1963-2014). Business Adventures: Twelve Classic Tales from the World of Wall Street. Chapter 9: A Second Sort of Life, David E. Lilienthal Businessman. Open Road Media. ISBN 9781497644892.

External links

• David E. Lilienthal Papers at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University
• Annotated bibliography for David Lilienthal from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues