David Lynch filmography
David Keith Lynch (born January 20, 1946) is an American filmmaker, television director, visual artist, musician and occasional actor. Known for his surrealist films, he has developed his own unique cinematic style which has been dubbed "Lynchian"[1] and is characterized by its dream imagery and meticulous sound design. The surreal and, in many cases, violent elements to his films have earned them the reputation that they "disturb, offend or mystify" their audiences.[2]
Lynch's oeuvre includes short and feature-length films, music videos, documentaries and television episodes; while his involvement in these ranges from direction, production, screenwriting, acting and sound design. Lynch's first project was the 1967 short Six Men Getting Sick (Six Times), an animated film which blended elements of sculpture and painting into its animation.[3] His first feature-length project, 1977's Eraserhead, became a cult film and launched his commercial career.[4] It also marked his first collaboration with Jack Nance, an actor who would appear in many more of Lynch's productions until his death in 1996.[5] Lynch's other feature films include the critically successful The Elephant Man (1980), Blue Velvet (1986) and Mulholland Drive (2001), all of which went on to earn Academy Award nominations;[6][7][8] and the commercial flop Dune.[9]
Lynch has also branched out into television, and later, internet-based series. His first foray into the medium was Twin Peaks, a joint venture with Mark Frost. Twin Peaks became a cult success,[10] leading to Lynch and Frost working together on a number of other projects, including On the Air,[11] and American Chronicles.[12] In 2002 Lynch began producing two series of shorts released through his official website—the Flash-animated DumbLand,[13] and Rabbits.[14] Having begun acting in his 1972 short The Amputee,[15] Lynch went on to appear on-camera in Twin Peaks,[16] Zelly and Me and Dune.[17] From 2007, Lynch has appeared in a recurring voice role in the animated series The Cleveland Show.[18]
Film
Title | Year | Director | Writer | Producer | Actor | Himself | Other | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Six Men Getting Sick (Six Times) | 1967 | Yes | Yes | Animator | [17][19] | |||
Absurd Encounter with Fear | 1967 | Yes | Yes | [20] | ||||
Fictitious Anacin Commercial | 1967 | Yes | Yes | [20] | ||||
The Alphabet | 1968 | Yes | Yes | Editor | [17][19] | |||
The Grandmother | 1970 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17] | |||
The Amputee | 1974 | Yes | Yes | [15][17] | ||||
Eraserhead | 1977 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Art director, composer, editor, special effects | [17] | ||
The Elephant Man | 1980 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Musical director, sound designer | [17] | ||
Heart Beat | 1980 | Yes | [21] | |||||
"I Predict" | 1982 | Yes | [22] | |||||
Dune | 1984 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17] | |||
Blue Velvet | 1986 | Yes | Yes | Songwriter | [17] | |||
The Cowboy and The Frenchman | 1987 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Zelly and Me | 1988 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Wild at Heart | 1990 | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||||
"Wicked Game" | 1990 | Yes | [23] | |||||
Industrial Symphony No. 1 | 1990 | Yes | Yes | Composer | [17] | |||
Hollywood Mavericks | 1990 | Yes | [17] | |||||
The Cabinet of Dr. Ramirez | 1991 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Twin Peaks: Fire Walk with Me | 1992 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||
Dangerous teaser | 1991 | Yes | [23][24] | |||||
Nadja | 1994 | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||||
Crumb | 1994 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Premonition Following an Evil Deed | 1995 | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||||
"Longing" | 1995 | Yes | [23][25] | |||||
Lost Highway | 1997 | Yes | Yes | Sound designer | [17] | |||
"Rammstein" | 1997 | Yes | [23] | |||||
Pretty as a Picture: The Art of David Lynch | 1998 | Yes | [17] | |||||
The Straight Story | 1999 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Mulholland Drive | 2001 | Yes | Yes | Sound designer | [17] | |||
I Don't Know Jack | 2001 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Eraserhead Stories | 2001 | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||||
"Thank You, Judge" | 2001 | Yes | Yes | [26] | ||||
Darkened Room | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [27][28] | |||
Epreuves d'Artistes | 2004 | Archive footage | [17] | |||||
Dennis Hopper: The Decisive Moments | 2004 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Midnight Movies: From the Margin to the Mainstream | 2005 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Inland Empire | 2006 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Editor, sound designer | [17] | ||
Absurda | 2007 | Yes | Yes | [29][30] | ||||
Boat | 2007 | Yes | Editor | [30] | ||||
Bug Crawls | 2007 | Yes | [31] | |||||
Lamp | 2007 | Yes | Yes | [31] | ||||
Industrial Soundscape | 2007 | Yes | [31] | |||||
Intervalometer Experiments | 2007 | Yes | [31] | |||||
Lynch | 2007 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Donovan: The Donovan Concert Live in L.A. | 2007 | Yes | [17] | |||||
More Things That Happened | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Editor | [32] | |||
Ballerina | 2007 | Yes | [32] | |||||
Surveillance | 2008 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Sunshine Superman: The Journey of Donovan | 2008 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Soul Detective | 2009 | Yes | [33][34] | |||||
Transcendendo Lynch | 2009 | Yes | [17] | |||||
My Son, My Son, What Have Ye Done? | 2009 | Yes | [17] | |||||
Great Directors | 2009 | Yes | [17] | |||||
"Shot in the Back of the Head" | 2009 | Yes | [35] | |||||
Lady Blue Shanghai | 2010 | Yes | Yes | [36] | ||||
2012: Time for Change | 2010 | Yes | [27] | |||||
Meditation Creativity Peace | 2011 | Yes | [17] | |||||
I Touch a Red Button Man | 2011 | Yes | Animator | [37][38] | ||||
Side by Side | 2012 | Yes | [17] | |||||
"Crazy Clown Time" | 2012 | Yes | [39] | |||||
"Bird of Flames" | 2012 | Yes | [40] | |||||
Idem Paris | 2013 | Yes | [41] | |||||
"Came Back Haunted" | 2013 | Yes | [42] | |||||
Duran Duran: Unstaged | 2014 | Yes | Yes | [43] | ||||
My Beautiful Broken Brain | 2016 | Yes | [44] | |||||
A Fall from Grace | TBA | Yes | [45] |
Television and web series
Episode | Series | Year | Director | Writer | Producer | Actor | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
"Pilot" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17] | |
"Episode 1" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||
"Episode 2" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17] | |
"Episode 3" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 4" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [17][46] | ||
"Episode 5" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 6" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 7" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 8" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17] | |
"Episode 9" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [17] | ||
"Episode 10" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 11" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 12" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 13" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [17][47] | ||
"Episode 14" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [17][48] | |
"Episode 15" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 16" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 17" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 18" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 19" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 20" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 21" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 22" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [16][17] | ||
"Episode 23" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [16][17] | ||
"Episode 24" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 25" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 26" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 27" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | [17] | |||
"Episode 28" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [16][17] | ||
"Episode 29" | Twin Peaks | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [16][17] | |
"Farewell to the Flesh" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Eye of the Beholder" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Manhattan After Dark" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Semper Fidelis" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Champions" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | Yes | [49] | ||
|
American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Once Upon a Time" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
|
American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
|
American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Defenders of the Faith" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
|
American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
|
American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Class of '65" | American Chronicles | 1990–91 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Episode 1" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | Yes | Yes | [49] | |
"Episode 2" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Episode 3" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Episode 4" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Episode 5" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Episode 6" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Episode 7" | On the Air | 1991–92 | Yes | Yes | [49] | ||
"Tricks" | Hotel Room | 1992 | Yes | Yes | [49] | ||
"Getting Rid of Robert" | Hotel Room | 1992 | Yes | [49] | |||
"Blackout" | Hotel Room | 1992 | Yes | Yes | [49] | ||
"The Neighbour" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"The Treadmill" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"The Doctor" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"A Friend Visits" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"Get the Stick!" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"My Teeth are Bleeding" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"Uncle BOB" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"Ants" | DumbLand | 2002 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [28] |
"Episode 1" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 2" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 3" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 4" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 5" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 6" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 7" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Episode 8" | Rabbits | 2002 | Yes | Yes | [28] | ||
"Neighbor Boy" | Out Yonder | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [31] |
"Teeth" | Out Yonder | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [20] |
"Chicken" | Out Yonder | 2007 | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | [20] |
"Little Man on Campus" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"How Cleveland Got His Groove Back" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"It's The Great Pancake, Cleveland Brown" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"A General Thanksgiving Episode" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"Die Semi-Hard" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"BFFs" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"Ship'rect" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"How Do You Solve a Problem Like Roberta?" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"The Blue and Gray and Brown" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"The Way the Cookie Crumbles" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"A Nightmare on Grace Street" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"Dancing With the Stools" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
"There Goes El Neighborhood" | The Cleveland Show | 2007–12 | Yes | [18] | |||
All episodes | Interview Project | 2009 | Yes | [34] | |||
"The Splendid Source" | Family Guy | 2010 | Yes | [50] | |||
"Late Show (Part 2)" | Louie | 2012 | Yes | [51] | |||
"Late Show (Part 3)" | Louie | 2012 | Yes | [52] | |||
Commercials
Year | Commercial Title | Subject | Ref(s) |
---|---|---|---|
1988 | "F. Scott Fitzgerald", "Ernest Hemingway", "D.H. Lawrence" | Obsession by Calvin Klein | [53][54] |
1991 | "Mystery of G", "Cherry Pie", "Lost", "The Rescue" | Georgia Coffee | [53][54] |
1991 | "We Care About New York" | New York City Department of Sanitation | [53][54][55] |
1992 | "Who Is Gio?" | Gio by Armani | [53][54] |
1992 | "Opium" | Opium by Yves Saint Laurent | [53][54] |
1993 | N/A | Alka-Seltzer Plus | [53][54] |
1993 | "Tresor" | Lancôme Tresor | [54][56] |
1993 | N/A | Barilla Pasta | [53][54] |
1993 | "Revealed" | American Cancer Society | [54][56][55] |
1993 | "The Instinct of Life" | Background by Jil Sander | [54][56] |
1994 | "Sun Moon Stars" | Sun Moon Stars by Lagerfield | [53][54] |
1997 | "Dead Leaves", "Aunt Droid", "Nuclear Winter", "Rocket" | Sci-Fi Channel | [54][56] |
1997 | N/A | Clearblue Easy | [53][54] |
1998 | "Parisienne People" | Parisienne | [54][56] |
2000 | "Welcome to the Third Place" | PlayStation 2 | [53][54] |
2000 | "Un matin partout dans le monde" | JCDecaux | [56] |
2002 | "Do you speak Micra?" | Nissan Micra | [53][54] |
2014 | N/A | Louboutin Rouge | [57] |
References
Footnotes
- ↑ Rodley & Lynch 2005, pp. 109 & 192.
- ↑ Rodley & Lynch 2005, p. 245.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, pp. 19–20.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 31.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 129.
- ↑ "74th Academy Awards Winners | Oscar Legacy". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ "59th Academy Awards Winners | Oscar Legacy". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ "53rd Academy Awards Winners | Oscar Legacy". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 51.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, pp. 69–74.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, pp. 17.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, pp. 105–106.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 136.
- ↑ Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 117.
- 1 2 Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 130.
- 1 2 3 4 5 "BFI | Film & TV Database | Lynch, David". British Film Institute. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 Ankeny, Jason. "David Lynch movies, photos, movie reviews, filmography, and biography". AllMovie. Allrovi. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "David Lynch Credits". TV Guide. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- 1 2 Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 21.
- 1 2 3 4 "David Lynch – The Lime Green Set – Mystery Disc (2008)". Cinema of the World. June 18, 2012. Retrieved December 31, 2015.
- ↑ Cozzolino 2014, p. 37.
- ↑ "allmusic – I Predict – Sparks". Rovi. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 Odell & Le Blanc 2007, p. 133.
- ↑ Winning, Josh (December 7, 2010). "18 Weirdest David Lynch Projects | Dangerous". Total Film. Future Publishing. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ Winning, Josh (December 7, 2010). "18 Weirdest David Lynch Projects | Longing". Total Film. Future Publishing. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ "Blue Bob Overview". Lynchnet. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- 1 2 "David Lynch – Rotten Tomatoes". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 Barney 2009, p. xxix.
- ↑ "Chacun son cinéma" (PDF). Cannes Film Festival. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- 1 2 Barney 2009, p. xxxi.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Rich, Jamie S. (February 4, 2007). "Dynamic: 01 – The Best of DavidLynch.com : DVD Talk Review of the DVD Video". DVD Talk. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- 1 2 Barney 2009, p. xxx.
- ↑ Disgusting, Mr (February 2, 2009). "David Lynch Stars in Online Short ‘Soul Detective’". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- 1 2 Hart, Hugh. "David Lynch’s Interview Project Probes American Dreams". Wired. Wired. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- ↑ Winning, Josh (December 7, 2010). "18 Weirdest David Lynch Projects | Shot in the Back of the Head". Total Film. Future Publishing. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ Menkes, Suzy (May 18, 2010). "Fashion films become the hottest new accessories: From Chanel to Dior, houses are getting in on branding revolution". International Herald Tribune. The New York Times Company. Retrieved August 13, 2012. (subscription required)
- ↑ Fitzmaurice, Larry (July 13, 2011). "Watch Interpol's Collaboration With David Lynch". Pitchfork Media. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ Roa, Ray (April 14, 2011). "Interpol details creepy Coachella plans with David Lynch". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ O'Neal, Sean (April 2, 2012). "Today in music videos: David Lynch invites you to a surprisingly literal "Crazy Clown Time | Music | Newswire". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ Barkan, Jonathan (August 2, 2012). "Chrysta Bell Feat. David Lynch Video For “Bird Of Flames” Is Very Strange Indeed". Bloody Disgusting. Retrieved December 30, 2015.
- ↑ Fischer, Russ (February 12, 2013). "David Lynch Short Film Idem Paris Recalls the Industrial Tone of His Debut". /Film. Retrieved February 25, 2013.
- ↑ Phillips, Amy and Jenn Pelly (June 19, 2013). "David Lynch to Direct Nine Inch Nails' "Came Back Haunted" Video". Pitchfork. Retrieved January 1, 2016.
- ↑ name=Duran Duran>Jason Newman (August 13, 2014). "Duran Duran's David Lynch-Directed Film Hits Theaters for One Night Only". Rolling Stone. Retrieved December 27, 2015.
- ↑ Spangler, Todd (February 5, 2016). "Netflix Picks Up ‘My Beautiful Broken Brain’ Documentary from David Lynch". Variety. Retrieved March 19, 2016.
- ↑ Gregg Kilday (February 28, 2013). "David Lynch to Appear in His Daughter Jennifer's Feature 'A Fall From Grace'". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved January 16, 2015.
- ↑ LeVasseur, Andrea. "Twin Peaks: Episode 04 (1990) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. Allrovi. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ↑ LeVasseur, Andrea. "Twin Peaks: Episode 13(1990) – Trailers, Reviews, Synopsis, Showtimes and Cast". AllMovie. Allrovi. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- ↑ Phipps, Keith (February 6, 2008). "'Episode 14' | Twin Peaks | TV Club". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved August 14, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Barney 2009, p. xxvi.
- ↑ "Family Guy – The Splendid Source". Yahoo!. Retrieved August 13, 2012.
- ↑ Rabin, Nathan (September 14, 2012). "'Late Show (Part 2)' | Louie | TV Club". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
- ↑ VanDerWerff, Todd (September 21, 2012). "'Late Show (Part 3)' | Louie | TV Club". The A.V. Club. The Onion. Retrieved September 22, 2012.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Greene, Nick. "15 Commercials Directed By David Lynch". Mental Floss. Mental Floss. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 "David Lynch Commercials". LynchNet. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- 1 2 Metcalfe, John. "David Lynch's Freakish Advertisements: The Rats of New York City". City Lab. City Lab. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "David Lynch's Commercials". The City of Absurdity. The City of Absurdity. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
- ↑ Rhodes, Margaret. "David Lynch’s New Ad for Nail Polish Is as Weird as You’d Expect". Wired. Condé Nast. Retrieved January 2, 2016.
Bibliography
- Barney, Richard A. (2009). David Lynch: Interviews. University Press of Mississippi. ISBN 1604732369.
- Cozzolino, Robert (2014). David Lynch: The Unified Field. University of California Press. ISBN 0520283961.
- Odell, Colin; Le Blanc, Michelle (2007). David Lynch. Kamera Books. ISBN 1-84243-225-7.
- Rodley, Chris; Lynch, David (2005). Lynch on Lynch (2nd ed.). Macmillan. ISBN 0-571-22018-5.
External links
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