Davidka

Davidka
Davidka mortar, Givati Museum, Israel
Type	Mortar
Place of origin	Israel
Service history
In service	1948
Used by	Palmach
Wars	1948 Arab–Israeli War
Production history
Designer	David Leibowitch
Designed	1947–48
Produced	1948
Number built	Six
Specifications
Shell	Explosive grenade
Shell weight	40 kilograms (88.2 lb)
Caliber	3 inches (7.62 cm)
Filling	TNT
Filling weight	60 pounds (27.2 kg)

The Davidka (Yiddish: דוידקה‎, "Little David") was a homemade Israeli mortar used in Safed and Jerusalem during the early stages of the 1948 Israeli War of Independence. Its bombs were reported to be extremely loud, but very inaccurate and otherwise of little value beyond terrifying opponents; they proved particularly useful in scaring away both Arab soldiers and civilians. It is nominally classified as a 3-inch (76.2 mm) mortar, although the bomb was considerably larger.^[1][2]

Etymology

The Davidka ("Little David") was named for its inventor, David Leibowitch, although the name also metaphorically evoked the biblical battle of King David and Goliath (I Samuel chap. 17): In 1948, the defense forces of the state of Israel felt themselves fighting against the "giant" British-trained and British-led ^[3] professional Arab Legion, amongst many others,^[4] and so they felt the metaphor appropriate.

History

The mortar was designed at the Mikveh Israel agricultural school in Holon in the winter of 1947–1948. It was first used in combat on March 13, 1948, in the attack on the Abu Kabir neighborhood of Jaffa. The greatest victory attributed to the Davidka was the liberation of the Citadel, a strongpoint in the center of Safed, on the night of May 9–10 1948.^[5][6][7]

Six Davidkas were manufactured in all, and two were given to each of the Palmach's three brigades (Harel, Yiftach, and HaNegev). One was used by the Yiftach Brigade in the battle for Safed, and now stands in a square in Safed. Another stands in Jerusalem's Davidka Square, memorializing the Harel Brigade's participation in the battle for Jerusalem.^[8] The Hebrew inscription on the monument ("וגנותי על-העיר הזאת, להושיעה") is from 2 Kings 19:34, meaning "For I will defend this city, to save it" (where God miraculously saves Jerusalem in honor of King David, the namesake of the weapon).

Characteristics

Batei HaOsef Museum exhibit of a Davidka mortar with a cutaway shell to the left of the mannequin

The secret of the Davidka was its 40 kg (88 lb) bomb, which was much larger than the mortar from which it was fired.

In conventional mortars, the bomb is inserted into the tube and the entire projectile travels through the tube to gain initial guidance at launch time. The Davidka's tail tube is the only part of the shell which fit inside the launch tube. This contributed to the weapon's notorious inaccuracy, as the shell lacked adequate guidance during the launch phase to acquire aerodynamic stability in the intended direction.^[9] It is not a spigot mortar, either; in a spigot mortar the "barrel" is a guiding rod inserted inside the shell's propellant chamber. The Davidka's propellant chamber fires inside the mortar tube (barrel) as does a conventional mortar, but the 3 inch (76.2 mm) caliber of the barrel is much smaller than the caliber of the warhead of the bomb. It is therefore an oversized conventional mortar, where most of the bomb, and especially its center of gravity, remain outside the barrel—an aerodynamically unstable design, which only worked at all because the center of pressure was still within the barrel. The head of the bomb was essentially a large can filled with nails, rocks, or any other material which could be used for shrapnel. This meant that the blast effects of the weapon were completely random and of dubious efficacy as an anti-personnel weapon. It was of no practical value for siege combat or other light artillery purposes, but it made a loud bang.

Davidka memorial in Davidka Square, Jerusalem

Small pieces of metal and tubes were welded onto the outside of the casing, reducing the weapon's accuracy even further than its already non-aerodynamic design, but contributing greatly to the whistles and shrieks which it made when in flight. The noise was its most important effect, so that anyone attacked by a Davidka mortar would hear the shell seeming to fall very near to them before bursting very loudly, increasing the fear factor.

It is said that the Arabs, having been told that many of the designers of America's atomic bomb were Jewish (e.g., Einstein and Oppenheimer), thought that they were being attacked with atomic weapons.^{[6][7][10][11]}

The Davidka was used in the battles for Haifa, Ein Zeitun, Safed and Biddu. According to Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi, the Davidka carried a bomb that weighed 60 lb. and caused fear and panic when used in built-up areas.^[12]

Syrian rebels' copy

In a May 2013 AlJazeera video, the first still photo on the title page shows a concept copy of the DAVIDKA made by the Syrian rebels, but with larger wings and an LP tank added to enhance the effect of the high explosive payload.^[13]

References

1. Bernard Joseph (1960). The Faithful City: The Siege of Jerusalem, 1948. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 73. LCCN 60010976. OCLC 266413. It fired a bomb of nails and metal scrap which exploded with some force and - what was more important - with tremendous noise and fury.
2. Collins, Larry; Lapierre, Dominique (1972). O Jerusalem!. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-297-99459-6. LCCN 73160924. They fired a shell made out of water pipes and packed with explosives, nails and bits of scrap metal.
3. Dupuy, Trevor N, Elusive Victory, The Arab-Israeli Wars, 1947–1974, Hero (1984)
4. The poorly trained and equipped Israelis were fighting against the armies of 7 Arab nations – Egypt, Iraq, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Transjordan, and Yemen – as well as thousands of irregulars organized as other "armies."
5. "Safed: A Battle of Living History" mentions the use of the Davidka in the attack of Safed
6. Bernard Joseph (1960). The Faithful City: The Siege of Jerusalem, 1948. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 73. LCCN 60010976. OCLC 266413. Its effect on the Arabs was sometimes considerable, notably at Safad, where they mistook it for an atomic weapon when they abandoned the city.
7. Collins, Larry; Lapierre, Dominique (1972). O Jerusalem!. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. p. 379. ISBN 978-0-297-99459-6. LCCN 73160924. The stunned Iraqis in the Allenby Barracks (Jerusalem) shouted over the telephone that the Jews had a weapon like the atomic bomb and begged for help. [As reported to be overheard by a telephone switchboard operator]
8. Zandberg, Esther (6 January 2009). "The Mexican's magic hat". Haaretz.
9. Collins & Lapierre, p. 443: During the 19 May Palmach attempt to relieve the Jewish Quarter one round fell short and 'deprive[d] the attacking force of two of its members.'
10. "History of Zefat". Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2010-07-20.
11. Binny, Rav. "Portion of Tazria-Metzora". Retrieved 2010-07-20. It seems that the greatest fear of the Arabs was the fact that most of the people behind the development of America's atomic bomb were Jewish (most notably Einstein and Oppenheimer), and the Arabs had heard a little bit about acid rain. So they assumed the Jews had just set off an atomic bomb, and the rest is history!
12. Khalidi, Walid (1988). "Plan Dalet: Master Plan for the Conquest of Palestine" (JPG). Journal of Palestine Studies (University of California Press on behalf of the Institute for Palestine Studies) 18 (1): 4–33. doi:10.1525/jps.1988.18.1.00p00037. ISSN 0377-919X.
13. "Syrian Army Changes Tactics"AlJazeera, May 2013