Dee Bridge disaster

Dee bridge disaster
Date 24 May 1847
Time ~18:25
Location Chester, Cheshire
Coordinates 53°10′59″N 2°53′42″W / 53.183°N 2.895°W / 53.183; -2.895Coordinates: 53°10′59″N 2°53′42″W / 53.183°N 2.895°W / 53.183; -2.895
Country England
Rail line North Wales Coast Line
Cause Bridge failure
Statistics
Trains 1
Passengers 22
Deaths 5
Injuries 9
List of UK rail accidents by year

The Dee Bridge disaster was a rail accident that occurred on 24 May 1847 in Chester with five fatalities. It revealed the weakness of cast iron beam bridges reinforced by wrought iron tie bars, and brought criticism to its designer, Robert Stephenson, son of George Stephenson.

Background

A new bridge across the River Dee was needed for the Chester and Holyhead Railway, a project planned in the 1840s for the expanding British railway system. It was built using cast iron girders produced by the Horseley Ironworks, each of which was made of three large castings dovetailed together and bolted to a raised reinforcing piece. Each girder was strengthened by wrought iron bars along the length. It was finished in September 1846, and opened for local traffic after approval by the first Railway Inspector, General Charles Pasley.

Accident

On 24 May 1847, the carriages of a local passenger train to Ruabon fell through the bridge into the river. The accident resulted in five deaths (three passengers, the train guard, and the locomotive fireman) and nine serious injuries.[1]

The bridge had been designed by Robert Stephenson, and he was accused of negligence by a local inquest. Although strong in compression, cast iron was known to be brittle in tension or bending, yet on the day of the accident the bridge deck was covered with track ballast to prevent the oak beams supporting the track from catching fire. Stephenson took this precaution because of a recent fire on the Great Western Railway at Uxbridge, Middlesex, where Isambard Kingdom Brunel's bridge caught fire and collapsed.

Investigation

The investigation was one of the first major inquiries conducted by the newly formed Railway Inspectorate. The lead investigator was Captain Simmons of the Royal Engineers, and his report suggested that repeated flexing of the girder weakened it substantially. He examined the broken parts of the main girder, and confirmed that the girder had broken in two places, the first break occurring at the centre. He tested the remaining girders by driving a locomotive across them, and found that they deflected by several inches under the moving load. He concluded that the design was basically flawed, and that the wrought iron trusses fixed to the girders did not reinforce the girders at all, which was a conclusion also reached by the jury at the inquest. Stephenson's design had depended on the wrought iron trusses to strengthen the final structures, but they were anchored on the cast iron girders themselves, and so deformed with any strain on the bridge.

Stephenson maintained that the locomotive derailed whilst crossing the bridge, and the impact force against the girder caused it to fracture. However, eye witnesses said that they saw the girder break first, and the locomotive and tender remained on the track at the far side of the bridge. Indeed, the driver raced on to the next station to warn of the accident and prevent any traffic using the line. He then came back on the other side and drove to Chester where he gave a similar warning.

Royal Commission

Modern railway bridge in Chester, spanning the river between Curzon Park and the Roodee. Photo taken at high tide.

A subsequent Royal Commission (which reported in 1849) condemned the design and the use of trussed cast iron in railway bridges, but there were a number of other failures of cast-iron railway underbridges in subsequent years, such as at the Wootton bridge collapse and the Bull bridge accident. Other failures occurred in the Staplehurst rail crash, the Inverythan crash and the Norwood Junction crash. All the structures used untrussed cast iron girders, and generally failed from blowholes or other casting defects within the bulk material, and so completely hidden from external view.

The Norwood accident in 1891 led to a review of all similar structures by Sir John Fowler, who recommended their replacement. Cast-iron had been used very successfully in The Crystal Palace of 1851 and the Crumlin Viaduct in South Wales (built in 1857), but the first Tay Rail Bridge of 1878 failed catastrophically due to its poor use of the material, putting the cast iron lugs on the columns into tension. The Tay Bridge disaster stimulated engineers to use steel, as achieved in the Forth Railway Bridge of 1890.

The bridge was later rebuilt using wrought iron after several more failed attempts to use cast iron by Stephenson.

See also

References

  1. ↑ Simmons, Capt J L A (1847), Report to the Commissioners of the Railways, p. 16

External links

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