Deep eutectic solvent

Deep eutectic solvents are systems formed from a eutectic mixture of Lewis or Brønsted acids and bases which can contain a variety of anionic and/or cationic species.[1] They are classified as types of ionic solvents with special properties. They incorporate one or more compound in a mixture form, to give a eutectic with a melting point much lower than either of the individual components.[2] One of the most significant deep eutectic phenomenon was observed for a mixture of choline chloride and urea in a 1:2 mole ratio, respectively. The resulting mixture has a melting point of 12 °C (far less than the melting point of choline, 302 °C and urea, 133 °C),[3] which makes it liquid at room temperature.

The first generation eutectic solvents were based on mixtures of quaternary ammonium salts with hydrogen bond donors such as amines and carboxylic acids. There are four types of eutectic solvents:[4]

Type I Quaternary ammonium salt + metal chloride
Type II Quaternary ammonium salt + metal chloride hydrate
Type III Quaternary ammonium salt + hydrogen bond donor
Type IV Metal chloride hydrate + hydrogen bond donor

Type I Eutectics therefore also include the wide range of chlorometallate ionic liquids widely studied in the 1980s, such as the ever-popular imidazolium chloroaluminates which are based on mixtures of AlCl3 + 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride.[5] In addition to ionic liquids with discrete anions, the electrodeposition of a range of metals has been previously carried out in deep eutectic solvents (DESs). These are quaternary ammonium salts (e.g. choline chloride, ChCl), metal salts or metal salt hydrates and hydrogen bond donors (e.g. urea) and are commonly divided into four groups (Table 1),[6] and have been particularly successful on a large scale for metal polishing and immersion silver deposition. While most ionic liquids and DESs include a quaternary ammonium ion as the cationic component, it has recently been shown that eutectics can also be formed between a metal salt (hydrate) and a simple amide or alcohol to form a metalcontaining solution composed of cations and anions via disproportionation processes e.g.

2AlCl3 + urea ↔ [AlCl2•urea]+ + [AlCl4]−
These so-called Type 4 eutectics are useful as they produce cationic metal complexes, ensuring that the double layer close to the electrode surface has a high metal ion concentration.[7]

Physiochemical Properties

In contrast with ordinary solvents, such as Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC), DESs have a very low vapour pressure, and thus are non-flammable.[8] The same reference mentions that DESs have a relatively high viscosities which might hinder their industrial applications as they might not flow easily in the process streams. DESs favorably possess low densities and can be liquid at a wide range of temperatures, going to around -50 °C for some DESs.[9] Other studied properties for some DESs are their electrical conductivities, pH indices and surface tensions, which might be added to this article by any contributor.

Applications

Compared to modern ionic liquids based on discrete anions, such as bistriflimide, which share many characteristics but are ionic compounds and not ionic mixtures, DESs are cheaper to make, are less toxic and sometimes biodegradable. Therefore, DESs can be used as safe, efficient, simple, and low–cost solvents. Up to date, October 2015, there are numerous applications that had been studied for the DESs. By varying the components of the DES and their molar ratios, new DESs can be produced. For this reason, many new applications are presented in the literature every year. Some of the earliest applications of DESs were the electrofinishing of metals using DESs as electrolytes.[10] Organic compounds such as benzoic acid (solubility 0.82 mol/L) have great solubility in DESs, and this even includes cellulose.[11] For this reason, DESs were applied as extraction solvents for such material from their complex matrices. They were also studied for their applicability in the production and purification of biodiesel,[12][13] and their ability to extract metals for analysis.[14] Incorporating microwave heating with deep eutectic solvent can efficiently increase the solubility power of DES and reduce the time required for complete dissolution of biological samples at atmospheric pressure.[15] It is noteworthy that proton-conducting DESs (e.g. the mixture of imidazolium methanesulfonate and 1H-1,2,4-triazole in a 1:3 mole ratio or the mixture of 1,2,4-triazolium methanesulfonate and 1H-1,2,4-triazole in a 1:3 mole ratio, wherein the Brønsted base may act as the hydrogen bond donor) have also found applications as proton conductors for fuel cells[16] .[17]

References

  1. ↑ Emma L. Smith, Andrew P. Abbott, and Karl S. Ryder (2014). "Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) and Their Applications". Chem. Rev.: 11060–11082. doi:10.1021/cr300162p.
  2. ↑ "Deep Eutectic Solvents" (PDF). kuleuven.be. University of Leicester. Retrieved 17 June 2014.
  3. ↑ Andrew P. Abbott, Glen Capper, David L. Davies, Raymond K. Rasheed and Vasuki Tambyrajah (2003). "Novel solvent properties of choline chloride/urea mixtures". Chem. Commun: 70–71. doi:10.1039/B210714G.
  4. ↑ Andrew Abbott; John Barron; Karl Ryder; David Wilson (2007). "Eutectic-Based Ionic Liquids with Metal-Containing Anions and Cations". Chem. Eur. J. 13: 6495– 6501. doi:10.1002/chem.200601738.
  5. ↑ J. S. Wilkes; J. A. Levisky; R. A. Wilson; C. L. Hussey (1982). "Dialkylimidazolium chloroaluminate melts: a new class of room-temperature ionic liquids for electrochemistry, spectroscopy and synthesis". Inorg. Chem. 21: 1263–1264. doi:10.1021/ic00133a078.
  6. ↑ Andrew Abbott; Azeez Al-Barzinjy; Paul Abbott; Gero Frisch; Robert Harris; Jennifer Hartley; Karl Ryder (2014). "Speciation, physical and electrolytic properties of eutectic mixtures based on CrCl3.6H2O and urea". Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys 16: 9047– 9055. doi:10.1039/c4cp00057a.
  7. ↑ Andrew Abbott; Azeez Al-Barzinjy; Paul Abbott; Gero Frisch; Robert Harris; Jennifer Hartley; Karl Ryder (2014). "Speciation, physical and electrolytic properties of eutectic mixtures based on CrCl3.6H2O and urea". Phys.Chem.Chem.Phys 16: 9047– 9055. doi:10.1039/c4cp00057a.
  8. ↑ Gregorio García, Santiago Aparicio, Ruh Ullah, and Mert Atilhan (2015). "Deep Eutectic Solvents: Physicochemical Properties and Gas Separation Applications". Energy Fuels: 2616−2644. doi:10.1021/ef5028873.
  9. ↑ Mukhtar A. Kareem, Farouq S. Mjalli, Mohd Ali Hashim, and Inas M. AlNashef (2010). "Phosphonium-Based Ionic Liquids Analogues and Their Physical Properties". Chemical and Engineering Data: 4632–4637. doi:10.1021/je100104v.
  10. ↑ Andrew P. Abbott, , Katy J. McKenzie, and , Karl S. Ryder (2007). "Electropolishing and Electroplating of Metals Using Ionic Liquids Based on Choline Chloride". ACS Symposium Series: 186–197. doi:10.1021/bk-2007-0975.ch013.
  11. ↑ Richard F. Miller. 2010. Deep eutectic solvents and applications. Patent number: 8022014. Filing date: Mar 25, 2009. Issue date: Sep 20, 2011. Application number: 12/410,662. (http://www.google.com/patents/US8022014)
  12. ↑ Maan Hayyan; Farouq S. Mjalli; Mohd Ali Hashim; Inas M. AlNashef (2010). "A Novel Technique For Separating Glycerine From Palm Oil-Based Biodiesel Using Ionic Liquids". Fuel Processing Technology 91: 116–120. doi:10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.09.002.
  13. ↑ Adeeb Hayyan; Mohd Ali Hashim; Maan Hayyan; Farouq S. Mjalli; Inas M. AlNashef (2013). "A Novel Ammonium Based Eutectic Solvent for Pre-treatment of Low Grade Crude Palm Oil and Synthesis High Quality Biodiesel Fuel". Industrial Crops and Products 46: 392–398. doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2013.01.033.
  14. ↑ http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S000326701201731X
  15. ↑ http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2014/AY/C3AY41843J#!divAbstract
  16. ↑ Jiangshui Luo, Tran Van Tan, Olaf Conrad and Ivo F. J. Vankelecom (2012). "1H-1,2,4-Triazole as solvent for imidazolium methanesulfonate". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 14: 11441–11447. doi:10.1039/C2CP41098B.
  17. ↑ Jiangshui Luo, Jin Hu, Wolfgang Saak, Rüdiger Beckhaus, Gunther Wittstock, Ivo F. J. Vankelecom, Carsten Agert and Olaf Conrad (2011). "Protic ionic liquid and ionic melts prepared from methanesulfonic acid and 1H-1,2,4-triazole as high temperature PEMFC electrolytes". Journal of Materials Chemistry 21: 10426–10436. doi:10.1039/C0JM04306K.
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