Deeringothamnus pulchellus
| Deeringothamnus pulchellus | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| (unranked): | Angiosperms |
| (unranked): | Magnoliids |
| Order: | Magnoliales |
| Family: | Annonaceae |
| Genus: | Deeringothamnus |
| Species: | D. pulchellus |
| Binomial name | |
| Deeringothamnus pulchellus Small | |
Deeringothamnus pulchellus is a rare species of flowering plant in the custard apple family known by the common names beautiful pawpaw, royal false pawpaw, and white squirrel banana. It is endemic to Florida in the United States, where there are perhaps 5000 plants remaining in severely fragmented habitat in three counties.[1] The main threat to this species is habitat destruction and degradation.[2][3] It was federally listed as an endangered species in 1986.[3]
The beautiful pawpaw is one of two species in the genus Deeringothamnus. One author suggested it be included within the other species, Deeringothamnus rugelii, as a variety, which would make it a monotypic genus. This suggestion was not accepted and the beautiful pawpaw is still described at species level.[1] It can be differentiated from D. rugelii by its narrower, more curved petals.[3]
This species is a small shrub growing not more than half a meter tall from a taproot. The leathery leaf blades are somewhat oval, oblong, or spatula-shaped, measuring 4 to 7 centimeters in length. The inflorescence is a solitary flower nodding or held upright on a short peduncle. The sweet-scented flowers have varying numbers of fleshy white or pink-tinged petals that measure 2 or 3 centimeters long.[4] The sweet fragrance of the flowers in this species is caused by benzenoid compounds including veratrole, and the alcohol linalool.[5] The flowers are pollinated by a number of insects, including the beetle Mordella atrata and the thrips species Frankliniella bispinosa and Thrips hawaiiensis.[1] The fruit is a large yellow-green berry that may be up to 7 centimeters long. One flower may yield several fruits. The berry contains a few seeds each about a centimeter long or slightly larger.[4] This plant sometimes hybridizes with its relative, Asimina reticulata.[6]
This plant occurs in slash pine woods on sandy substrates among other plant species, including saw palmetto, fetterbush (Lyonia lucida), shiny blueberry (Vaccinium myrsinites), dwarf live oak (Quercus minima), and tarflower (Befaria racemosa).[3] It is known from three Florida counties: Charlotte, Lee, and Orange Counties. The Orange County occurrences are about 100 miles disjunct from the Charlotte and Lee populations.[1] Both regions are becoming ever more urbanized, with wild habitat claimed for residential, commercial, and agricultural purposes. Many populations of this plant have been destroyed as the land was cleared. The remaining wild tracts are highly fragmented and isolated between stretches of developed land. These fragments are degraded by a number of processes, especially fire suppression. The habitat is naturally maintained by periodic wildfire, and this plant is fire-dependent. It requires fire to clear larger vegetation and brush away so it can receive adequate sunlight. It has also been demonstrated that fire increases the plant's flower production.[1]
Other threats to the habitat and its plants include exotic plant species such as Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius). Other possible threats include all-terrain vehicle use, feral pigs, improper use of herbicides, and damage to plants by the leafroller caterpillar Choristoneura parallela.[1]
Land management continues to be the main issue for this plant. Many of the remaining 39 occurrences are on protected public land, but even these are vulnerable to degradation and destruction because they are not maintained adequately. For the health of the plants, the habitat must undergo periodic burns and it should be protected from exotic plant species.[1]
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 USFWS. Beautiful Pawpaw Five-year Review. June 2009.
- ↑ Deeringothamnus pulchellus. Center for Plant Conservation.
- 1 2 3 4 Deeringothamnus pulchellus. The Nature Conservancy.
- 1 2 Deeringothamnus pulchellus. Flora of North America.
- ↑ Goodrich, K. R. and R. A. Raguso. (2009). The olfactory component of floral display in Asimina and Deeringothamnus (Annonaceae). New Phytologist 183 457-69.
- ↑ Norman, E. M. (2003). Reproductive biology of Deeringothamnus rugelii and D. pulchellus (Annonaceae). Taxon 52:3 547-55.