Democrat Party (epithet)

"Democrat Party" is a political epithet used in the United States for the Democratic Party. The term has been used in negative or hostile fashion by conservative commentators and members of the Republican Party in party platforms, partisan speeches and press releases since at least 1940.[1]

Multiple reasons are suggested for the use of the term. A 1984 New York Times article suggested Republicans began to use the term when Democrats used their own party name to imply that "they are the only true adherents of democracy".[2] Republicans "feared that 'Democratic' suggested Democrats [had] a monopoly on or are somehow the anointed custodians of the concept of democracy".[3] New Yorker commentator Hendrik Hertzberg wrote, "There’s no great mystery about the motives behind this deliberate misnaming. 'Democrat Party' is a slur, or intended to be—a handy way to express contempt. Aesthetic judgments are subjective, of course, but 'Democrat Party' is jarring verging on ugly. It fairly screams 'rat.'"[4] Political analyst Charlie Cook attributed modern use of the term to force of habit rather than a deliberate epithet by Republicans.[5] Ruth Marcus stated that Republicans likely only continue to employ the term because Democrats dislike it.[6] Marcus stated that disagreements over use of the term are "trivial",[6] and Hertzberg calls use of the term "a minor irritation" and also "the partisan equivalent of flashing a gang sign".[4]

Similar two-word phrases using "Democrat" as an adjective have been deemed controversial when used as a substitute for "Democratic" (as in "Democrat idea"); National Public Radio has banned the use of "Democrat" as an adjective.[7] The term "Democrat Party" was in common use with no negative connotations by Democrats in some localities during the 1950s.[8] The Dictionary of American Regional English gives numerous examples of "Democrat" being used as an adjective in everyday speech, especially in the Northeast.[9]

History of usage

The history of the term has been a subject of interest to scholars.[1][8][10][11] The Oxford English Dictionary, traces the use of the term back to 1890: "Whether a little farmer from South Carolina named Tillman is going to rule the Democrat Party in America—yet it is this, and not output, on which the proximate value of silver depends."[12] However the term was in use much earlier in the 19th century.[13] For example, in an 1834 story of politics in a small Vermont town as seen through the eyes of a young girl, the American novelist Catharine Maria Sedgwick wrote: "There was a weekly journal published in Carrington, the 'Star' or 'Sun', I forget which, but certainly the ascendant luminary of the democrat party."[14]

Although the term "Democrat Party" prior to the mid-nineteenth century was usually simply a value-neutral synonym for the more common "Democratic Party", after the Civil War and the rise of the modern Republican Party the term "Democrat Party" began to be used occasionally in a derogatory fashion. For example, New Hampshire Republican Congressman (later Senator) Jacob H. Gallinger addressing a gathering of Michigan Republicans in 1889, said “The great Democrat party, laying down the sceptre of power in 1860, after ruling this country under free trade for a quarter of a century, left our treasury bankrupt, and gave as a legacy to the Republican party, a gigantic rebellion and a treasury without a single dollar of money in it.” [15]

William Safire studied the partisan use of "Democrat Party" as epithet since the 1940 presidential campaign of Republican Wendell Willkie. Minnesota Governor Harold Stassen, Willkie's campaign manager, explained to Safire his motivation for using the term: Stassen said that because the Democratic Party was at that time partly controlled by undemocratic city bosses—"by Hague in New Jersey, Pendergast in Missouri and Kelly-Nash in Chicago, [it] should not be called a 'Democratic Party.' It should be called the 'Democrat Party.'"[16]

The noun-as-adjective has been used by Republican leaders since the 1940s, and in most GOP national platforms since 1948.[17] By the early 1950s the term was in widespread use among Republicans of all factions.[10] In 1968, Congressional Quarterly reported that at its national convention "the GOP did revert to the epithet of 'Democrat' party. The phrase had been used in 1952 and 1956 but not in 1960."[18]

Use of the term has been a point of contention within the Republican Party. In 1984, when a delegate of the Republican platform committee asked unanimous consent to change a platform amendment to read the Democrat Party instead of Democratic Party, New York Representative Jack Kemp objected, saying that would be "an insult to our Democratic friends" and the committee dropped the proposal.[2] In 1996, the wording throughout the Republican party platform was changed from "Democratic Party" to "Democrat Party": Republican leaders "explained they wanted to make the subtle point that the Democratic Party had become elitist".[19] A proposal to use the term again in the August 2008 Republican Platform for similar reasons was voted down with leaders choosing to use "Democratic Party". "We probably should use what the actual name is," said Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour, the panel's chairman. "At least in writing."[19]

The term has also been used by Third Party candidate Ralph Nader.[20]

Modern usage

Following his inauguration in 2001, President George W. Bush often used the noun-as-adjective when referring to the opposition party.[21] Likewise, it has been used by former Texas Representative and House Majority Leader Tom DeLay,[22] Speaker of the House of Representatives John Boehner of Ohio,[23] Senator Charles Grassley of Iowa,[24] Representative Steve Buyer of Indiana,[25] and other Republicans. In 2006, Ruth Marcus, a columnist for The Washington Post, noted that "[t]he derisive use of 'Democrat' in this way was a Bush staple during the recent campaign", and she chastised Bush, alleging he was being intentionally offensive.[6] Marcus went on to say the argument about the term was "trivial, sticks-and-stones [...] linguistic bickering".[6]

Bush spoke of the "Democrat majority" in his 2007 State of the Union Address.[26] The advance copy that was given to members of Congress read "Democratic majority".[5] Democrats again complained about the use of "Democrat" as an adjective in the address: John Podesta, White House Chief of Staff for Bush's predecessor Bill Clinton, complained that it was "like nails on a chalkboard".[5] Some commentators ignored Bush's slur against the newly elected Democratic majority;[27] others debated whether Bush was intentionally using the term as a slur. Congressional historian Julian E. Zelizer said "It's hard to disentangle whether that's an intentional slight".[5] Political analyst Charlie Cook doubted it was a deliberate attempt to offend Democrats saying Republicans "have been doing it [using the term] so long that they probably don't even realize they're doing it".[5]

Bush later joked about the issue by talking about his leadership of the "Republic Party" the following month.[28] On February 4, 2007, Bush joked in a speech to House Democrats, stating "Now look, my diction isn't all that good. I have been accused of occasionally mangling the English language. And so I appreciate you inviting the head of the Republic Party."[29]

Conservative talk radio host Rush Limbaugh uses the term exclusively when referring to Democrats.[30]

Alaska governor and Republican vice-presidential nominee Sarah Palin used the term during the 2008 United States presidential campaign.[31][32]

The conservative community online encyclopedia Conservapedia has a page titled "Democrat Party";[33] first added in 2007, the initial page was removed, then a new one created in 2009 that persists to the present. Early versions of the page described the name as a conservative appellation, but since 2009 the page leads with a defense of the legitimacy of this usage.[34]

"Democrat" has been used as an adjective by USA Today.[35] In Indiana there are several legally incorporated organizations with "Democrat" as part of their official name, such as the "Indianapolis, 17th Ward Democrat Club Inc." and the "Andrew Jackson Democrat Club Of Tippecanoe County".[36]

Republicans sometimes have used the noun "Democrat" as an adjective during Congressional debate.[37][38][39]

Republican presidential aspirant Donald Trump said on December 19, 2015, at Cedar Rapids, Iowa that the debate among Hillary Clinton, Martin O'Malley and Bernie Sanders that was slated to be held the same evening on CNN should be called the "Democrat Debate" rather than "Democratic", as the party was the "Democrat Party" and not "Democratic".

Grammar

Some grammarians believe that the use of the noun "Democrat" as an adjective is ungrammatical.[40] Jean Yates suggests that the use of a noun as a modifier of another noun is not grammatically incorrect in modern English in the formation of a compound noun, e.g., "shoe store", "school bus", "peace movement", etc.[41] However, these tend to be cases in which there is no way to make the noun into an appropriate adjective (ie: "schooly" is not a word) or where the adjective simply doesn't work (a "shoed store" implies that the store itself has been shoed, and while it may be peaceful, the peace movement is about promoting peace, not about its promotors simply being peaceful.) This is not the case with Democrat. Democratic, as the adjective form of Democrat, is appropriate and conveys the proper meaning when used as applied to the party itself, the voters, etcetera. The use of nouns as adjectives is part of a broader linguistic trend, according to language expert Ruth Walker, who claims, "We're losing our inflections—the special endings we use to distinguish between adjectives and nouns, for instance. There's a tendency to modify a noun with another noun rather than an adjective. Some may speak of 'the Ukraine election' rather than 'the Ukrainian election' or 'the election in Ukraine', for instance. It's 'the Iraq war' rather than 'the Iraqi war', to give another example."[42]

In American history, many parties were named by their opponents (Federalists, Loco-Focos, Know Nothings, Populists, Dixiecrats), including the Democrats themselves, as the Federalists in the 1790s used "Democratic Party" as a term of ridicule.[43]

Responses

Delegates to the Democratic National Committee once proposed using "Publican Party" instead of "Republican Party". The committee failed to accept the proposal "explaining that Republican is the name by which the our opponents' product is known and mistrusted".[1] Sherman Yellen suggested "The Republicants" as suitably comparable in terms of negative connotation in an April 29, 2007 Huffington Post commentary.[44] Other progressive blogs such as Daily Kos use the term "Republicon", to emphasize that the conservative wing of the Republican party has occasionally appeared; it suggests they "are con artists, evil, and after your money".[45][46]

On the edition of February 26, 2009 of Hardball with Chris Matthews, Republican Representative Darrell Issa referred to "a Democrat Congress". The host, Chris Matthews, took exception, saying:

Well, I think the Democratic Party calls itself the Democratic Party, not the Democrat Party. Do we have to do this every night? Why do people talk like this? Is this just fighting words to get the name on?[47]

Issa denied that he intended to use "fighting words". Matthews replied, "They call themselves the Democratic Party. Let's just call people what they call themselves and stop the Mickey Mouse here—save that for the stump."[47]

In March 2009, after Representative Jeb Hensarling (R–Texas) repeatedly used the phrase "Democrat Party" when questioning U.S. Office of Management and Budget director Peter Orszag, Representative Marcy Kaptur (D–Ohio) said:

I’d like to begin by saying to my colleague from Texas that there isn’t a single member on this side of the aisle that belongs to the “Democrat Party.” We belong to the Democratic Party. So the party you were referring to doesn’t even exist. And I would just appreciate the courtesy when you’re referring to our party, if you’re referring to the Democratic Party, to refer to it as such.[48]

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Safire (1993), pp. 163–164
  2. 1 2 "Democrats Find Ally In Republican Camp". New York Times (UPI). August 17, 1984.
  3. ↑ Roy H. Copperud, American Usage and Style: The Consensus (Van Nostrand 1980) pp. 101–2
  4. 1 2 Hertzberg, Hendrik (August 7, 2006). "The "Ic" Factor". The New Yorker. Retrieved November 6, 2012.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Copleand, Libby (January 25, 2007). "President's Sin of Omission? (Dropped Syllable in Speech Riles Democrats)". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Marcus, Ruth (November 22, 2006). "One Syllable of Civility". The Washington Post. pp. A21.
  7. ↑ Ron Elving, the senior Washington editor of NPR, says the term "Democrat" should not be used as an adjective. "We should not refer to Democrat ideas or Democrat votes. Any deviation from that by NPR reporters on air or on line should be corrected." Ombudsman, "Since When Did It Become the Democrat Party?", NPR March 26, 2010, online
  8. 1 2 Lyman (1958)
  9. ↑ Frederic Gomes Cassidy and Joan Houston Hall. eds, Dictionary of American Regional English: Volume 2 (1991) pp. 37–38, 1036
  10. 1 2 Feuerlicht (1957)
  11. ↑ Sperber and Trittschuh (1962)
  12. ↑ OED under "Democrat" 4 citing the London Spectator November 15, 1890 p. 676.
  13. ↑ Google Books Ngram Viewer – search of American English, 1800–2008, for Democrat party,Democrat Party (run November 16, 2012).
  14. ↑ Sedgwick, Catharine Maria. "A Reminiscence of Federalism" in Goodrich, S.O.,ed. The Token and Atlantic Souvenir: A Christman and New Year's Present. Charles Bowen: Boston. 1834
  15. ↑ Report of the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Michigan Club. 1890
  16. ↑ Safire (1988), p. 35
  17. ↑ National Party Platforms, 1840–1996, editors Kirk H. Porter, and Donald Bruce Johnson, (1996).
  18. ↑ Congressional Quarterly, The Presidential nominating conventions, 1968 (1968) p. 9
  19. 1 2 Woodward, Calvin (August 26, 2008). "No more 'Democrat wars' for GOP spinmeisters?". Associated Press. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  20. ↑ See "Transcript: Ralph Nader on 'Meet The Press' Sunday, May 7, 2000" at ; "Presidential candidate Ralph Nader makes stop in Minnesota; sees little difference between Bush, Kerry", October 27, 2004, at
  21. ↑ "Bush Courts Black Voters at Urban League" by the Associated Press, July 23, 2004.
  22. ↑ "DeLay: Democratic Party Unfit to Lead", Fox News, July 26, 2003.
  23. ↑ "Pelosi's Big Day", Slate, January 4, 2007.
  24. ↑ "Alito: No Person Is Above the Law", Fox News, January 9, 2006.
  25. ↑ "Transcript: House debates articles of impeachment", CNN, December 18, 1998.
  26. ↑ Official 2007 State of the Union Transcript
  27. ↑ E.g., Lutenberg, Jim (January 30, 2007). "No Offense, but... (The President)". The New York Times. Retrieved February 10, 2011. (failing to reference that Bush deviated from prepared text during the speech)
  28. ↑ Noam H. Levey (February 4, 2007). "Bush reaches across Partisan divide". Los Angeles Times.
  29. ↑ Abramowitz, Michael; Kane, Paul (February 4, 2007). "At Democrats' Meeting, Bush Appeals for Cooperation". The Washington Post. Retrieved March 31, 2007.
  30. ↑ See his usage at his website
  31. ↑ Matthew E. Berger (November 3, 2008). "Palin Talk Taxes, Slows Pace; Governor Stays Honed On Tax Attack In Final Stretch". National Journal.
  32. ↑ John M. Broder and Julie Bosman (November 2, 2008). "In States Once Reliably Red, Palin and Biden Tighten Their Stump Speeches". New York Times.
  33. ↑ "Conservapedia: Democrat Party".
  34. ↑ "Conservapedia: Democrat Party edit history".
  35. ↑ John Solomon (October 11, 2006). "Democrat leader reaped $1.1 million from sale of land he didn't own". USA Today.
  36. ↑ "Indiana Secretary of State website". Retrieved October 8, 2010.
  37. ↑ "Congressional Record for February 7, 2012, p. H546" (PDF). February 7, 2012. Rep. Scott Garrett (R–New Jersey): The Budget Committee, both with the Republican and Democrat leadership, has, over time, studied and worked on the implications of moving to a fair value accounting for Federal credit programs.)
  38. ↑ "Congressional Record for February 6, 2012, p. H546" (PDF). February 6, 2012. Rep. Jeff Denham (R–California): In conclusion, let me say that both Republican and Democrat administrations have tried to work within the system to get rid of unneeded Federal property and have failed.
  39. ↑ "Congressional Record for February 3, 2012, p. H546" (PDF). February 3, 2012. Rep. John L. Mica (R–Florida): I was tough, and I think I did get people to come to their senses and say that this isn’t a Republican or a Democrat issue.
  40. ↑ Copperud, American Usage and Style: The Consensus (1980) pp. 101–2
  41. ↑ Jean Yates, Master the Basics: English (2006) p, 64
  42. ↑ Ruth Walker, "Republicans, Democrats, and the Afghan on the couch", Christian Science Monitor Jan. 27, 2005
  43. ↑ Safire, (1993), 176
  44. ↑ Yellen, Sherman (April 29, 2007). "The Republicants". Huffington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2010.
  45. ↑ "The New Word: Republicon". Daily Kos. October 5, 2007.
  46. ↑ "RepubliCON Watch". Newsvine.
  47. 1 2 Mullins, Anne Schroeder (February 26, 2009). "Don't call Democrats, Democrats!". The Politico.
  48. ↑ "Rep. Kaptur scolds GOP: ‘Democrat Party’ doesn’t exist". thinkprogress.org. March 3, 2009. Retrieved March 4, 2009.

References

Further reading

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