Demographic history of Transnistria
A demographic history of Transnistria shows that actual Transnistria has been home to numerous ethnic groups, in varying proportions, over time. Until the early 19th century, it was sparsely populated. In the last centuries most of the population is Romanian and Moldavian.
During WWII some 250,000 Jews perished in Tansnistria, where they had been herded by Rumanian Nazis and their German allies. There they were left at the mercy of hunger and disease until liberation by the Red Army.
Ethnicity prior to 1792
The word "Transnistria" means literally lands beyond the Dniester river (this river is called "Nistru" in Romanian/Moldavian) and these lands are historically related to the neo-Latin populations that lived east of Bessarabia. Indeed, actual Transnistria is only a small area of these lands, and the most western: Transnistria historically reached during World War II the Bug river, while ethnic Moldavians/Romanians moved to live even near the Don river in 1712.
In the coastal area of these lands, during the Roman empire there were small cities of nearly 5,000 inhabitants like Tyras and Olbia, where Roman colonists settled under the protection of Roman legionaries. The interior was sparsely populated by barbarians and for many reasons all the region between the Dniester and the Bug river for centuries -during the Middle Ages- remained a nearly desert steppe, continuously raided by invasions.
Beside the droughty periods typical for the region, the second reason for the underpopulation of the Black Sea northern shores is the vicinity of the Tatars. Their presence, both military and civil, impeded the settling of the east European type life and blocked the Moldavian or even Polish expansion to the east. The Transnistrian lands settled in the Middle Ages by Romanians were only partially and temporarily ruled by Moldavian princes or possessions of the Moldavian Principality. Probably those Moldavians living east of the Dniester were only a few thousands.
Many Romanians lived even farther east in the steppe lands of Transnistria (Land over Nistru), scattered (mainly) in small rural settlements. Transnistria was in the past an arid, underpopulated region that began to be colonized in the Middle Ages (after 1500, probably, but possibly even earlier) by Moldavians that crossed the Nistru river in search of free land and by some Tartars, its borders not being delimited as for a distinctive entity, a part of something. The eastern frontier was for Moldavia rather theoretical than effective up to the 19th century.In the east of river Nistru the Romanian life is mentioned all over the Middle Age.The oldest attested Moldavian possession over the Dniester River was the Lerici castle (at the entrance inside Dnieper's estuary, where the fortress Ochakov was later on to be built), captured by some Moldavian pirates from the Genoese in the times of voivod Petru Aron (in 1455).[1]
The steppe around the Bug river was mostly depopulated in the 13th and 14th centuries because of the Golden Horde, according to some travelers (like in the "Chorographia Moldaviae" of Georg Reicherstorfer, written in 1541). They found there only some Vlach shepherds and a few Moldavian and Slav villages.
Meanwhile, the Romanian/Moldavian colonization east of Bessarabia -that had started around the year 1000 AD- had reached the Kiev area in the 15th century and in 1712 even the Don river, with the Dimitrie Cantemir leadership[2]
Ethnically the area of Transnistria between the Dniester and the Bug river -even if depopulated- was probably 2/3 moldavian speaking (while between the Bug and the Dnieper most of the population was slav), when Russia started to conquest it. Indeed, according to the results of the census (quoted in Romanian sources) of 1793 AD, 49 villages out of 67 between the Dniester and the Bug were Romanian.[3]
Russian Empire period (1792 - 1917)
In 1792, the whole Transnistria became part of the Russian Empire. At that time, the population was sparse and the Russian Empire encouraged large migrations into the region, including ethnic Ukrainians, Romanians, Russians and Germans.
Russia began attempting to lure Romanian settlers (mostly from Moldavia, but also from Transylvania, Bukovina and Muntenia) to settle in its territory in 1775, after it gained the largely uninhabited territory between the Dnieper and the Bug.[4] But the colonization was to a larger scale after 1792, to Transnistria and beyond, when the Russian government declared that the region between the Dniester and the Bug was to become a new principality named "New Moldavia", under Russian suzerainty.[5]
After 1812 Russia annexed Bessarabia (located west of the Dniester and up to the Prut river), while a process of russification started to be done with the Moldavian/Romanian populations east of the Dniester.
Soviet and post-Soviet periods (1917 to present)
Since the Soviet era, Transnistria is home to three major groups: Moldovans forming a plurality alongside Russians and Ukrainians.
Historically, after one century of russification, the Moldovans were no more the majority of population in the areas of the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (MASSR) established in 1924. MASSR was limited to some areas east of the Dniester, until Balta. East of Balta, most of the Romanians/moldavians -settled there since the end of Tartar attacks in the 16th century- were already "assimilated" by the slavs in the early 20th century (but there were nearly 100,000 Moldovan speaking living east of the MASSR and up to the Dnieper river[6]).
According to the 1926 Soviet census, the Republic had a population of 572,339,[7] of which:
| Ethnic group |
census 1926 | 1936 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number | % | Number | % | |
| Ukrainians | 277,515 | 48.5% | 265,193 | 45.5% |
| Moldovans | 172,419 | 30.1% | 184,046 | 31.6% |
| Russians | 48,868 | 8.5% | 56,592 | 9.7% |
| Jews | 48,564 | 8.5% | 45,620 | 7.8% |
| Germans | 10,739 | 1.9% | 12,711 | 2.2% |
| Bulgarians | 6,026 | 1.1% | ||
| Poles | 4,853 | 0.8% | ||
| Romani | 918 | 0.2% | ||
| Romanians | 137 | 0.0% | ||
| Other | 2,300 | 0.4% | 13,526 | 2.4% |
| Total | 572,339 | 582,138 | ||
Despite this relatively extensive territory allotted to the MASSR, more than 85,000 Moldovans remained in Ukraine (and Soviet Russia) outside the territory of MASSR.
When Romania created the Governorate of Transnistria in 1941 during World War II, most of the population was Ukrainian/Russian and only nearly 10% was Romanian. The main reason of this was that all the area from the Dniester up to the Bug (that historically was part of the Yedisan territory of the expelled Nogais) was included in this fascist "Greater Romania".
In this way, from 1941 to 1944 the Romanian "irredentism" had obtained the union of nearly 200,000 ethnic Romanians to their motherland, even if with the loss of Transylvania to Hungary. Even Odessa was subject to Romanian administration, as the city had been made part of Transnistria.[8]
In December 1941 Romanian authorities conducted a census in Transnistria, and the ethnic structure was the following:
| Ethnicity | Number | % | Rural | Urban |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukrainians | 1,775,273 | 76.3 | 79.9 | 57.4 |
| Romanians | 197,685 | 8.4 | 9.3 | 4.4 |
| Russians | 150,842 | 6.5 | 2.4 | 27.9 |
| Germans | 126,464 | 5.4 | 5.9 | 2.7 |
| Bulgarians | 27,638 | 1.2 | 1.1 | 1.4 |
| Jews | 21,852 | 0.9 | 0.7 | 2.0 |
| Poles | 13,969 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 2.3 |
| Lipovens | 968 | - | - | 0.1 |
| Tatars | 900 | - | - | 0.1 |
| Others | 10,628 | 0.5 | 10.2 | 1.7 |
| Total | 2,326,224* | 100 | 1,956,557 | 369,669 |
When the Soviet reconquered the area in 1944, they created the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic with former MASSR included, where ethnic Moldovans were the majority.
| ethnic group | 1941 | 1959 | 1970 | 1979 | 1989 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moldavians | 1,620,800 | 68.8% | 1,886,566 | 65.4% | 2,303,916 | 64.6% | 2,525,687 | 63.9% | 2,794,749 | 64.5% |
| Romanians | - | - | 1,663 | 0.06% | 1,581 | 1,657 | 2,477 | 0.06% | ||
| Ukrainians | 261 200 | 11.1% | 420,820 | 14.6% | 506,560 | 14.2% | 560,679 | 14.2% | 600,366 | 13.8% |
| Russians | 158,100 | 6.7% | 292,930 | 10.2% | 414,444 | 11.6% | 505,730 | 12.8% | 562,069 | 13.0% |
| Jews | - | - | 95,107 | 3.2% | 98,072 | 2.7% | 80,127 | 2.0% | 65,672 | 1.5% |
| Gagauz | 115,700 | 4.9% | 95,856 | 3.3% | 124,902 | 3.5% | 138,000 | 3.5% | 153,458 | 3.5% |
| Bulgarians | 177,700 | 7.5% | 61,652 | 2.1% | 73,776 | 2.1% | 80,665 | 2.0% | 88,419 | 2.0% |
| Gypsy | - | - | 7,265 | 0.2% | 9,235 | 0.2% | 10,666 | 0.3% | 11,571 | 0.3% |
| others | 23,200 | 1.0% | 22,618 | 0.8% | 43,768 | 1.1% | 48,202 | 1.2% | 56,579 | 1.3% |
| Total | 2,356,700 | 2,884,477 | 3,568,873 | 3,949,756 | 4,335,360 | |||||
Note: "-" means the official census data does not identify that group in that year, i.e. counts it within other groups, not that the group is not present.
In the first year of the latter half of the 20th century, the ethnic proportions have changed in large measure due to industrialization and the immigration of Russian and Ukrainian workers, encouraged by Soviet premier Joseph Stalin. During the Soviet rule, up to one million people settled in Moldova.
The trend continued after 1991, too, as the Moldovan population in Transnistria decreased between 1989 and 2004 from 39% to 32% of the total population. However, the Moldovans are still the largest single group of the Transnistria region (followed by the Russians).
| Ethnicity | 1926 census | 1936 census | 1989 census | 2004 census |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moldovans | 44.1% | 41.8% | 39.9% | 31.9% |
| Ukrainians | 27.2% | 28.7% | 28.3% | 28.8% |
| Russians | 13.7% | 14.2% | 25.5% | 30.4% |
| Jews | 8.2% | 7.9% | 6.4% | |
| Bulgarians | 6.8% | 7.4% | 2.5% | |
| Poles | 2% | |||
| Gagauz: | 0.7% | |||
| Belarusians | 0.7% | |||
| Germans | 0.4% | |||
| Others | 4.6% | |||
Moldovans are the most numerous ethnic group, representing an overall majority in the two districts in the central Transnistria (Dubăsari District, 50.15%, and Grigoriopol District, 64.83%), a 47.82% relative majority in the northern Camenca District, and a 41.52% relative majority in the southern (Slobozia District). In Rîbniţa District they are a 29.90% minority, and in the city of Tiraspol, they constitute a 15.24% minority of the population.
Russians are the second numerous ethnic group, representing a 41.64% relative majority in the city of Tiraspol, a 24.07% minority in Slobozia, a 19.03% minority in Dubăsari, a 17.22% minority in Râbniţa, a 15.28% minority in Grigoriopol, and a 6.89% minority in Camenca.
Ukrainians are the third numerous ethnic group, representing a 45.41% relative majority in the northern Rîbniţa District, a 42.55% minority in Camenca, a 32.97% minority in Tiraspol, a 28.29% minority in Dubăsari, a 23.42% minority in Slobozia, and a 17.36% minority in Grigoriopol.
See also
- 1989 Census in Transnistria
- 2004 Census in Transnistria
- History of Transnistria
- Demographics of Moldova
References
- ↑ Moldavians in middleages Transnistria
- ↑ Map showing Romanian/Vlach colonists in Ukraine
- ↑ E. Lozovan, Romanii orientali...(Eastern Romanians...), ,,Neamul Romanesc”, 1/1991, p.32. Vlachs/Romanians east of the Dniester river and up to the Bug river area]
- ↑ Nistor, Vechimea..., p. 14
- ↑ Nistor, Vechimea..., p. 16
- ↑ Dallin, Alexander. Odessa, 1941-1944: A Case Study of Soviet Territory Under Foreign Rule.Chapter 2. Note # 113
- ↑ Nistor, Vechimea... p.4; King, p. 54
- ↑ Odessa population during WWII
- ↑ V.V. Kembrovskiy, E.M. Zagorodnaya, "Naselenie soyuznyh respublik", Moscow, Statistika, 1977, p. 192
- ↑ Soviet 1959, 1970, 1979, and 1989 population censa.
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