Dendera Temple complex

Coordinates: 26°8′30″N 32°40′13″E / 26.14167°N 32.67028°E

General view of Dendera Temple complex

Temple of Hathor, Dendera

Dendera Temple complex, (Ancient Egyptian: Iunet or Tantere; the 19th-century English spelling in most sources, including Belzoni, was Tentyra) is located about 2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south-east of Dendera, Egypt. It is one of the best-preserved temple complexes in Egypt. The area was used as the sixth Nome of Upper Egypt, south of Abydos.

Description

The massive mudbrick compound walls seen from the temple roof.

The whole complex covers some 40,000 square meters and is surrounded by a hefty mud brick enclosed wall. Dendera was a site for chapels or shrines from the beginning of history of ancient Egypt. It seems that pharaoh Pepi I (ca. 2250 BC) built on this site and evidence exists of a temple in the eighteenth dynasty (ca 1500 BC). But the earliest extant building in the compound today is the Mammisi raised by Nectanebo II – last of the native pharaohs (360–343 BC). The features in the complex include

• Hathor temple (the main temple),
• Temple of the birth of Isis,
• Sacred Lake,
• Sanatorium,
• Mammisi of Nectanebo II,
• Christian Basilica,
• Roman Mammisi,
• a Bark shine,
• Gateways of Domitian & Trajan and
• the Roman Kiosk.

Hathor temple

Entrance to the Dendera Temple Complex

Reliefs of Cleopatra VII and her son by Julius Caesar, Caesarion at the Dendera Temple

Plan of Hathor Temple

The all overshadowing building in the Complex is the main temple, namely Hathor temple (historically, called the Temple of Tentyra). The temple has been modified on the same site starting as far back as the Middle Kingdom, and continuing right up until the time of the Roman emperor Trajan.^[1] The existing structure was built no later than the late Ptolemaic period. The temple, dedicated to Hathor, is one of the best preserved temples in all Egypt. Subsequent additions were added in Roman times.

Layout elements of the Temple

1. Large Hypostyle Hall
2. Small Hypostyle Hall
3. Laboratory
4. Storage Magazine
5. Offering Entry
6. Treasury
7. Exit to Well
8. Access to Stairwell
9. Offering Hall
10. Hall of the Ennead
11. Great Seat and Main Sanctuary
12. Shrine of the Nome of Dendera
13. Shrine of Isis
14. Shrine of Sokar
15. Shrine of Harsomtus
16. Shrine of Hathor's Sistrum
17. Shrine of gods of Lower Egypt
18. Shrine of Hathor
19. Shrine of the Throne of Rê
20. Shrine of Rê
21. Shrine of Menat collar
22. Shrine of Ihy
23. The Pure Place
24. Court of the First Feast
25. Passage
26. Staircase to Roof

Depictions of Cleopatra VI which appear on temple walls are good examples Ptolemaic Egyptian art.^[2] On the rear of the temple exterior is a carving of Cleopatra VII Philopator (the popularly well known Cleopatra) and her son, Ptolemy XV Philopator Philometor Caesar (Caesarion), fathered by Julius Caesar.^[3]

Dendera zodiac

Denderah Zodiac

The sculptured Dendera zodiac (or Denderah zodiac) is a widely known relief found in a late Greco-Roman temple, containing images of Taurus (the bull) and the Libra (the balance). A sketch was made of it during the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt. In 1820 it was removed from the temple ceiling and is now in the Louvre. Champollion's guess that it was Ptolemaic proved correct and Egyptologists now date it to the first century BC.^[4]

Necropolis and crypts

The Dendera necropolis is a series of mastaba tombs. The necropolis dates from the Early Dynastic Period of the Old Kingdom to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt.^[5] The necropolis runs the eastern edge of the western hill and over the northern plain. The subterranean Hathor temple tombs total 12 chambers. Some reliefs are dated to as late as Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos reign. The crypts reportedly were used for storing vessels and divine iconography. An opening in the "Flame Room" floor leads to a narrow chamber with representations on the walls of the objects which were kept in them. In the second chamber, a relief depicts Pepi I. He offers a statuette of the god Ihy to four images of Hathor. In the crypt, reached from the "Throne room", Ptolemy XII has jewelry and offerings for the gods.

The Dendera light

Dendera light, showing the single representation on the left wall of the right wing in one of the crypts

Hathor Temple has a relief sometimes known as the Dendera light because of a controversial fringe thesis about its nature. The Dendera light images comprise five stone reliefs (two of which contain a pair of what fringe authors refer to as lights) in the Hathor temple at the Dendera Temple complex located in Egypt. The view of Egyptologists is that the relief is a mythological depiction of a djed pillar and a lotus flower, spawning a snake within, representing aspects of Egyptian mythology.^[6][7]

In contrast to this interpretation, there is a fringe science suggestion that it is actually a representation of an Ancient Egyptian lightbulb.

Ceiling cleaning

Recently cleaned ceiling of the Temple of Hathor

The ceiling of the Hathor Temple has recently been cleaned in a careful way that removed hundreds of years of black soot without harming the ancient paint underneath. As a result of this cleaning, spectacular ceiling painting has been exposed in the main hall, and some of the most vibrant and colourful paintings dating from antiquity are now visible.

Tourism

The Dendera complex has long been one of the most tourist-accessible ancient Egyptian places of worship. It used to be possible to visit virtually every part of the complex, from the crypts to the roof. However, the highest part of the roof of Hathor temple has been closed since 2003. The second stage of the roof was closed in November 2004, after a tourist got too close to the edge and fell to her death on the bedrock below.

See also

• Esna temple (in Esna)
• Egyptian mythology
• List of Ancient Egyptian sites

References

1. Barbara Ann Kipfer, "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology". Page 153
2. John Pentland Mahaffy, "A History of Egypt Under the Ptolemaic Dynasty". Methuen & Co., 1899. 261 pages. Page 237 and 248.
3. Mahaffy, Page 251.
4. http://www.lhl.lib.mo.us/events_exhib/exhibit/exhibits/napoleon/zodiac_dendera.shtml Napoleon and the Scientific Expedition to Egypt
5. Barbara Ann Kipfer, "Encyclopedic Dictionary of Archaeology".
6. Wolfgang Waitkus, Die Texte in den unteren Krypten des Hathortempels von Dendera: ihre Aussagen zur Funktion und Bedeutung dieser Räume, Mainz 1997 ISBN 3-8053-2322-0 (tr., The texts in the lower crypts of the Hathor tempels of Dendera: their statements for the function and meaning of these areas)
7. "Dendera Temple Crypt". iafrica.com.

Further reading

• Jed Z. Buchwald, "Egyptian Stars under Paris Skies". pr.caltech.edu.
• R. A. Parker, "Ancient Egyptian Astronomy". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Vol. 276, No. 1257, The Place of Astronomy in the Ancient World (May 2, 1974), pp. 51–65
• Marshall Clagett, "Ancient Egyptian Science: A Source Book". Diane, 1989. ISBN 0-87169-214-7
• William Henry and Davenport Adams "Egypt Past and Present: Described and Illustrated". T. Nelson and Sons, 1885. 380 pages. Page 218 - 226
• The Dendera Reliefs, Catchpenny Mysteries.
• Frank Dörnenburg, Electric lights in Egypt?. 2004. (ed. An analysis of how the Egyptians didn't have electricity).
• Mariette, Auguste, Dendérah, Bookshop A. Franck, Paris, 1875.
• Fischer, H.G., Dendera in the third millennium B.C. down to the theban domination of upper Egypt, J.J. Augustin publisher, New York, 1968.

External links

• Dendera Temple complex. satellite-sightseer.com.
• Dendera (French)
• High-resolution Images of Dendera Temple Ceiling