Deposition (politics)

Deposition by political means concerns the removal of a politician or monarch.^[1] It may be done by coup, impeachment, invasion, or forced abdication.^[2] The term may also refer to the official removal of a clergyman, especially a bishop, from ecclesiastical office.

Notable deposed politicians

• Sam Houston (1861)
• Alexander Kerensky (1917)
• Konstantin Päts (1940)
• Antanas Smetona (1940)
• Kārlis Ulmanis (1940)
• Fulgencio Batista (1959)^[3]
• Nikita Khrushchev (1964)
• Eric Gairy (1973)
• Idi Amin (1979)
• Anastasio Somoza Debayle (1979)
• Jean-Claude Duvalier (1986)
• Ferdinand E. Marcos (1986)^[4]
• Habib Bourguiba (1987)
• Alfredo Stroessner (1989)^[5]
• Erich Honecker (1989)^[6]
• Todor Zhivkov (1989)^[7]
• Manuel Noriega (1989)
• Nicolae CeauÈ™escu (1989)^[8]
• Hissène Habré (1990)
• Mengistu Haile Mariam (1991)
• Jean-Bertrand Aristide (1991, 2004)
• Carlos Andrés Pérez (1993)
• Nawaz Sharif (1993, 1999)
• Slobodan MiloÅ¡ević (2000)^[9]
• Gustavo Noboa (2003)
• Saddam Hussein (2003)
• Charles Taylor (2003)^[10]
• Lucio Gutiérrez (2005)
• Thaksin Shinawatra (2006)
• Zine El Abidine Ben Ali (2011)^[11]
• Hosni Mubarak (2011)^[12]
• Mohamed Morsi (2013)

Notable deposed monarchs

• Ethelred II of England (1013)
• Sancho II of Portugal (1248)
• Adolf of Nassau (1298)
• Edward II of England (1327)^[1]
• Richard II of England (1399)^[2]
• Wenceslaus, King of the Romans (1400)
• Henry VI of England (1461)
• Edward V of England (1483)
• Richard III of England (1485)
• Gwanghaegun of Joseon (1623)
• Philip III of Portugal (1640)
• James II of England (1688)
• Louis XVI of France (1789)
• Bahadur Shah II of the Mughal Empire (1858)^[13]
• Frederick William Koko Mingi VIII of Nembe (1898)
• Abdul Hamid II of the Ottoman Empire (1908)^[14]
• Manuel II of Portugal (1910)
• Aisin-Gioro Puyi of the Qing Dynasty (1911)
• Mehmed VI of the Ottoman Empire (1921)
• Alfonso XIII of Spain (1931)
• Farouk of Egypt (1952)
• Constantine II of Greece (1967)
• Idris of Libya (1969)
• Mohammed Zahir Shah (1973)
• Haile Selassie I (1974)
• Muhammad Reza Shah Pahlavi (1979)

Notable deposed bishops

• Cyril of Alexandria
• Cyril Lucaris
• John Chrysostom
• Nestorius
• Photios I of Constantinople
• Antipope Benedict XIII
• Antipope John XXIII
• The Nine Bishops of the Nonjuring Schism

See also

• Coup d'état
• Defrock
• Motion of no confidence

References

1. The Deposition of Edward II, Medieval England, Steven Muhlberger, ORB: The Online Reference for Medieval Studies, 1999
2. The deposition of Richard II, J.P.Sommerville, History Department, University of Wisconsin
3. Sierra, Jerry A. "Batista - From Army Sergeant to Dictator". History of Cuba. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
4. "The Downfall of Marcos". H Monte Hill, Air University. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
5. 25 Years after the Fall of Alfredo Stroessner Right Livelihood.
6. "East Germany Leader Ousted". BBC News - On This Day (18 October). BBC. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
7. "Evolution in Europe: Bulgarian Communist stalwart says he'd do it all differently". New York Times. 28 November 1990. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
8. "The Autobiography of Nicolae Ceaușescu". The Seventh Art. 15 January 2011. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
9. "Milošević's Yugoslavia - Downfall". BBC News (BBC). Retrieved 29 April 2016.
10. "President Charles Ghankay Taylor, 1997-2003". Liberia Past and Present. Retrieved 2 May 2016.
11. "Tunisia: The fall of Ben Ali". Al-Bab. 17 December 2015. Retrieved 29 April 2016.
12. "Egypt's Last Pharaoh? The rise and fall of Hosni Mubarak". Time. Retrieved 30 April 2016.
13. "The last days of Mughal Emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar in Burma". Two Circles. Retrieved 1 May 2016.
14. "The Young Turk Revolution and the 1908 annexation of Bosnia". Balkan Analysis. 25 April 2006. Retrieved 2 May 2016.