Seborrhoeic dermatitis

Seborrheic dermatitis
Classification and external resources
Specialty Dermatology
ICD-10 L21
ICD-9-CM 690.1
DiseasesDB 11911
MedlinePlus 000963
eMedicine derm/396
MeSH D012628

Seborrheic dermatitis, also known as seborrhea, sebopsoriasis, seborrheic eczema, dandruff and pityriasis capitis,[1] is a chronic, relapsing and usually mild dermatitis. In infants seborrheic dermatitis is called cradle cap.

Seborrheic dermatitis is an inflammatory[2] skin disorder affecting the scalp, face, and torso. Typically, seborrheic dermatitis presents with scaly, flaky, itchy, and red skin. It particularly affects the sebaceous-gland-rich areas of skin. In adolescents and adults, seborrhoeic dermatitis usually presents as scalp scaling similar to dandruff or as mild to marked erythema of the nasolabial fold.

The topical antifungal medications ketoconazole and ciclopirox are both effective for the condition.[3] It is unclear if other antifungals are equally effective as this has not been studied.[3]

Signs and symptoms

Seborrhoeic dermatitis on scalp
Acute form of seborrhoeic dermatitis on scalp

Seborrhoeic dermatitis' symptoms appear gradually and usually the first signs are flaky skin and scalp.[4] Symptoms occur most commonly anywhere on the skin of the face, behind the ears and in areas where the skin folds. Flakes may be yellow, white or grayish.[5] Redness and flaking may also occur on the skin near the eyelashes, on the forehead, around the sides of the nose, and the chest and upper back.

In more severe cases, yellowish to reddish scaly pimples appear along the hairline, behind the ears, in the ear canal, on the eyebrows, on the bridge of the nose, around the nose, on the chest, and on the upper back.[6]

Commonly, patients experience mild redness, scaly skin lesions and in some cases hair loss.[7] Other symptoms include patchy scaling or thick crusts on the scalp, red, greasy skin covered with flaky white or yellow scales, itching, soreness and yellow or white scales that may attach to the hair shaft.[8]

Seborrheic dermatitis can occur in infants younger than three months and it causes a thick, oily, yellowish crust around the hairline and on the scalp. Itching is not common among infants. Frequently, a stubborn diaper rash accompanies the scalp rash.[6] Usually, when it occurs in infants the condition resolves itself within days and with no treatment.

In adults, symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis may last from a few weeks, to years. Many patients experience alternating periods of inflammation. The condition is referred to a specialist when self-care has proven unsuccessful.

Causes

The specific causes are not known.[9] Current theories for the cause of the disease include a weakened immune system, the lack of specific nutrients (for example zinc), or issues with the nervous system.[10]

Fungal

Seborrhoeic dermatitis may involve an inflammatory reaction to a proliferation of a form of the yeast Malassezia,[11][12] though this has not been proven.[13]

The main species found on the scalp is Malassezia globosa, others being Malassezia furfur (formerly known as Pityrosporum ovale) and Malassezia restricta. The yeast produces toxic substances that irritate and inflame the skin. Patients with seborrhoeic dermatitis appear to have a reduced resistance to the yeast. However, the colonization rate of affected skin may be lower than that of unaffected skin.[14]

Only saturated fatty acids (FAs) have been shown to support Malassezia growth. It has also been shown that while number density of M. globosa and M. restricta do not directly correlate to dandruff presence or severity, removal correlates directly with amelioration of flaking. Furthermore, in dandruff-susceptible individuals pure oleic acid, an unsaturated FA and Malassezia metabolite, induces flaking in the absence of Malassezia by direct effects on the host skin barrier. These findings support the following hypothesis:

Malassezia hydrolyze human sebum, releasing a mixture of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. They take up the required saturated FAs, leaving behind unsaturated FAs. The unsaturated FAs penetrate the stratum corneum. Because of their non-uniform structure, they breach the skin's barrier function. This barrier breach induces an irritation response, leading to dandruff and seborrheic dermatitis.[15]

Other

Genetic, environmental, hormonal, and immune-system factors have been shown to be involved in the manifestation of seborrhoeic dermatitis.[16][17]

Seborrhoeic dermatitis may be aggravated by illness, psychological stress, fatigue, sleep deprivation, change of season and reduced general health.[18]

In children, excessive vitamin A intake can cause seborrhoeic dermatitis.[19] Lack of biotin,[18] pyridoxine (vitamin B6)[18][20] and riboflavin (vitamin B2)[18] may also be a cause.

Those with immunodeficiency (especially infection with HIV) and with neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease (for which the condition is an autonomic sign) and stroke are particularly prone to it.[21]

Prevention

A clean scalp is essential to preventing a flare-up of seborrhoeic dermatitis. Daily use of an over-the-counter or prescription anti-fungal shampoo containing ketoconazole or zinc pyrithione is recommended.

Both natural and artificial UV radiation curbs the growth of Malassezia yeast.[22]

Management

A number of medications are able to control seborrheic dermatitis including: antifungals, topical corticosteroids, and keratolytics such as topical urea.[1]

The topical antifungal medications ketoconazole and ciclopirox have the best evidence.[3] It is unclear if other antifungals are equally effective as this has not been studied.[3]

Antihistamines are used primarily to reduce itching, if present. However, research studies suggest that some antihistamines have anti-inflammatory properties.[23]

Other medications

Phototherapy

Some recommend photodynamic therapy using UV-A and UV-B laser or red and blue LED light to inhibit the growth of Malassezia fungus and reduce seborrhoeic inflammation.[26][27][28]

Epidemiology

It affects 1 to 3% of healthy adults.[1] It occurs more often in men than in women.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Dessinioti, C.; Katsambas, A. (2013). "Seborrheic dermatitis: etiology, risk factors, and treatments: facts and controversies.". Clin Dermatol 31 (4): 343–51. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.001. PMID 23806151.
  2. ↑ "seborrheic dermatitis" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
  3. 1 2 3 4 Okokon, EO; Verbeek, JH; Ruotsalainen, JH; Ojo, OA; Bakhoya, VN (28 April 2015). "Topical antifungals for seborrhoeic dermatitis.". The Cochrane database of systematic reviews 4: CD008138. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008138.pub3. PMID 25933684.
  4. ↑ "Dermatitis Seborrheic Treatment". Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  5. ↑ "Seborrheic Dermatitis". Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  6. 1 2 "Dermatitis". Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  7. ↑ "What is Seborrheic Dermatitis?". Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  8. ↑ "Symptoms". Retrieved June 11, 2010.
  9. ↑ Dessinioti, C; Katsambas, A (Jul–Aug 2013). "Seborrheic dermatitis: etiology, risk factors, and treatments: facts and controversies.". Clinics in dermatology 31 (4): 343–51. doi:10.1016/j.clindermatol.2013.01.001. PMID 23806151.
  10. ↑ Zieve, David. "Seborrheic Dermatits". A.D.A.M., Inc.
  11. ↑ Hay, R.J.; Graham-Brown, R.A.C. (1997). "Dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis: causes and management". Clinical and Experimental Dermatology 22 (1): 3–6. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2230.1997.d01-231.x. PMID 9330043.
  12. ↑ Nowicki R (January 2006). "[Modern management of dandruff]". Polski Merkuriusz Lekarski (in Polish) 20 (115): 121–4. PMID 16617752.
  13. ↑ Parry, ME; Sharpe, GR (1998). "Seborrhoeic dermatitis is not caused by an altered immune response to Malassezia yeast". British Journal of Dermatology 139 (2): 254–63. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02362.x. PMID 9767239.
  14. ↑ "Treatment of Seborrheic Dermatitis". Retrieved September 10, 2010.
  15. ↑ "P&G Beauty & Grooming | Role of Lipid Metabolism in Seborrheic Dermatitis (Dandruff)". Pgbeautygroomingscience.com. Retrieved 2013-01-26.
  16. ↑ Johnson, Betty Anne; Nunley, Julia R. (May 2000). "Treatment of seborrheic dermatitis". American Family Physician 61 (9): 2703–10, 2713–4. PMID 10821151.
  17. ↑ Janniger CK, Schwartz RA (July 1995). "Seborrheic dermatitis". American Family Physician 52 (1): 149–55, 159–60. PMID 7604759.
  18. 1 2 3 4 Schwartz, Robert A.; Janusz, Christopher A.; Janniger, Camila K. (July 2006). "Seborrheic dermatitis: an overview". American Family Physician 74 (1): 125–30. PMID 16848386.
  19. ↑ MedlinePlus Encyclopedia Hypervitaminosis A
  20. ↑ Nutritional Neuropathy at eMedicine
  21. ↑ "Seborrhoeic dermatitis and dandruff (seborrheic eczema). DermNet NZ". . DermNet NZ. 2012-03-20. Retrieved 2012-06-10.
  22. ↑ Wikler, JR.; Janssen N.; Bruynzeel DP.; Nieboer C. (1990). "The effect of UV-light on pityrosporum yeasts: ultrastructural changes and inhibition of growth". Acta dermato-venereologica (Stockholm) 70 (1): 69–71. PMID 1967880.
  23. ↑ Grob, JJ; Castelain, M.; Richard, MA; Bonniol, JP; Beraud, V.; Adhoute, H.; Guillou, N.; Bonerandi, JJ (1998). "Antiinflammatory properties of cetirizine in a human contact dermatitis model. Clinical evaluation of patch tests is not hampered by antihistamines.". Acta Dermato-Venereologica 78 (3): 194–7. doi:10.1080/000155598441512.
  24. ↑ Roelofzen JH, Aben KK, Oldenhof UT, et al. (April 2010). "No increased risk of cancer after coal tar treatment in patients with psoriasis or eczema". J. Invest. Dermatol. 130 (4): 953–61. doi:10.1038/jid.2009.389. PMID 20016499.
  25. ↑ Firooz, A.; Solhpour, A; Gorouhi, F; Daneshpazhooh, M; Balighi, K; Farsinejad, K; Rashighi-Firoozabadi, M; Dowlati, Y (2006). "Pimecrolimus Cream, 1%, vs Hydrocortisone Acetate Cream, 1%, in the Treatment of Facial Seborrheic Dermatitis: A Randomized, Investigator-Blind, Clinical Trial". Archives of Dermatology 142 (8): 1066–1067. doi:10.1001/archderm.142.8.1066. PMID 16924062.
  26. ↑ Wikler JR, Janssen N, Bruynzeel DP, Nieboer C (1990). "The effect of UV-light on pityrosporum yeasts: ultrastructural changes and inhibition of growth". Acta Dermato-venereologica 70 (1): 69–71. PMID 1967880.
  27. ↑ Calzavara-Pinton PG, Venturini M, Sala R (2005). "A comprehensive overview of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of superficial fungal infections of the skin". Photochem Photobiol 78 (1): 1–6. doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.06.006. PMID 15629243.
  28. ↑ "Antibacterial photodynamic therapy in dermatology - Photochemical & Photobiological Sciences (RSC Publishing)". rsc.org.

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