Designer baby

A designer baby is a baby that is the result of genetic screening or genetic modification. Embryos may be screened prior to implantation, or possibly gene therapy techniques could be used to create desired traits in a child.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis

In medicine and (clinical) genetics pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD or PIGD) (also known as embryo screening) is a procedure performed on embryos prior to implantation, sometimes even on oocytes prior to fertilization. PGD thus is an adjunct to assisted reproductive technology, and requires in vitro fertilization (IVF) to obtain oocytes or embryos for evaluation.

This is not a new technology - the first PGD babies, and thus also the first designer babies were created in 1989 and born in 1990.[1]

When used to screen for a specific genetic disease or for risk of getting a disease, its main advantage is that it avoids selective abortion as the method makes it highly likely that the baby will be free of the disease under consideration.

In some cases, the term "designer baby" refers to the proposed use of standard medical preimplantation genetic diagnosis to select for desired nonmedical traits of a child, such as sex, hair color and other cosmetic traits, athletic ability, or intelligence.[2] As the array of possible applications of PGD is expanding, some of the projected uses of genetic screening are controversial, especially those involving non- medical motivations.[3] As of 2009, selecting for the sex of a child was already feasible since it requires only identifying an X or Y chromosome, but selecting for nonmedical traits was not due to the amount of genetic material required, and one example has been described where a deaf couple used to PGD to select for a deaf baby.[2] A 2012 article by Carolyn Abraham in The Globe and Mail stated that "Recent breakthroughs have made it possible to scan every chromosome in a single embryonic cell, to test for genes involved in hundreds of 'conditions,' some of which are clearly life-threatening while others are less dramatic and less certain". There is already a "microchip that can test a remarkable 1,500 genetic traits at once, including heart disease, seasonal affective disorder, obesity, athletic ability, hair and eye colour, height, susceptibility to alcohol and nicotine addictions, lactose intolerance and one of several genes linked to intelligence. It is still difficult to get enough DNA for such extensive testing but the chip designer thinks this technical problem will be solved soon.[4]

Genetic engineering of human gametes, zygotes, or embryos (aka germline modification)

The other use for designer babies concerns possible uses of gene therapy techniques to create desired traits of a child, such as disease resistance, sex, hair color and other cosmetic traits, athletic ability, or intelligence.[5]

Understanding of genetics for human traits

Researchers have already connected the genes in the striped zebra fish which control the color of the fish to genes in humans that determine skin color.[6]

Feasibility of gene therapy

Main article: Gene therapy

Gene therapy is the use of DNA as a pharmaceutical agent to treat disease. Gene therapy was first conceptualized in 1972, with the authors urging caution before commencing gene therapy studies in humans.[7] The first FDA-approved gene therapy experiment in the United States occurred in 1990, when Ashanti DeSilva was treated for ADA-SCID.[8] Since then, over 1,700 clinical trials have been conducted using a number of techniques for gene therapy.[9]

The techniques established by the field of gene therapy could potentially be used not to treat the disease, but to create "designer babies".

Ethics of proposed germline modification of humans

Lee Silver has projected a dystopia in which a race of superior humans look down on those without genetic enhancements, though others have counseled against accepting this vision of the future.[10] It has also been suggested that if designer babies were created through genetic engineering, that this could have deleterious effects on the human gene pool.[11] Some futurists claim that it would put the human species on a path to participant evolution.[10][12] It has also been argued that designer babies may have an important role as counter-acting an argued dysgenic trend.[13]

There are risks associated with genetic modifications to any organism. New diseases may be introduced accidentally.[6][14]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Handyside AH, Kontogianni EH, Hardy K, Winston RM (1990). "Pregnancies from biopsied human preimplantation embryos sexed by Y-specific DNA amplification". Nature 344 (6268): 768–70. doi:10.1038/344768a0. PMID 2330030.
  2. 1 2 Naik, Gautam. "A Baby Please. Blond, Freckles -- Hold the Colic". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 18 October 2012.
  3. ↑ Stankovic B (2005). "'It's a Designer Baby!' - Opinions on Regulation of Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis". UCLA Journal of Law & Technology 5.
  4. ↑ Carolyn Abraham, Unnatural selection: Is evolving reproductive technology ushering in a new age of eugenics?, January 07, 2012, The Globe and Mail
  5. ↑ Gordon JW (1999). "Genetic enhancement in humans". Science 283 (5410): 2023–4. Bibcode:1999Sci...283.2023G. doi:10.1126/science.283.5410.2023. PMID 10206908.
  6. 1 2 Green, Ronald M. (2007). Babies By Design: The Ethics of Genetic Choice. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 96–97. ISBN 978-0-300-12546-7. 129954761.
  7. ↑ "Gene therapy for human genetic disease?". Science 178 (4061): 648–9. 1972. Bibcode:1972Sci...175..949F. doi:10.1126/science.178.4061.648. PMID 4343766.
  8. ↑ Sheridan, C. (2011). Gene therapy finds its niche. Nature Publishing Group, 29(2), 121–128. Nature Publishing Group. doi:10.1038/nbt.1769
  9. ↑ J. Gene Med. Gene Therapy Clinical Trials Database.
  10. 1 2 Silver, Lee M. (1998). Remaking Eden: Cloning and Beyond in a Brave New World. Harper Perennial. ISBN 0-380-79243-5.
  11. ↑ Baird, Stephen L. (April 2007). "Designer Babies: Eugenics Repackaged or Consumer Options?" (PDF). Technology Teacher 66 (7): 12–16. Archived from the original on March 28, 2014.
  12. ↑ Hughes, James (2004). Citizen Cyborg: Why Democratic Societies Must Respond to the Redesigned Human of the Future. Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-4198-1.
  13. ↑ Lynn, Richard; Harvey, John (2008). "The decline of the world's IQ". Intelligence 36 (2): 112–20. doi:10.1016/j.intell.2007.03.004.
  14. ↑ Agar, Nicholas (2006). "Designer Babies: Ethical Considerations". ActionBioscience.org.

External links

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