Despotate of the Morea

Despotate of the Morea
Δεσποτᾶτον τοῦ Μορέως
Despotate of the Byzantine Empire
← 1349–1460 →
The Despotate of the Morea in 1450, divided between the two brothers, Thomas and Demetrios Palaiologos
Capital		Mystras (with Glarentza after 1428)
Languages		Medieval Greek
Religion		Eastern Orthodox Church
Government		Feudal monarchy
Despot of Morea
•	1349–1380	Manuel Kantakouzenos
•	1449–1460	Thomas Palaiologos
Historical era		Late Medieval
•	Established	1349
•	Disestablished	1460

The Despotate of the Morea or Despotate of Mystras (Greek: Δεσποτᾶτον τοῦ Μορέως, Δεσποτᾶτον τοῦ Μυστρᾶ) was a province of the Byzantine Empire which existed between the mid-14th and mid-15th centuries. Its territory varied in size during its 100 years of existence but eventually grew to include almost all the southern Greek peninsula, now known as the Peloponnesos. It was called Morea during the medieval period. The territory was usually ruled by a close relative of the current Byzantine emperor, who was given the title of despotes (in this context it should not be confused with despotism). Its capital was the fortified city of Mystras, near ancient Sparta, which became an important centre of Byzantine culture and power.

History

The Despotate of the Morea was created out of territory seized from the Frankish Principality of Achaea. This had been organized from former Byzantine territory after the Fourth Crusade (1204). In 1259, the Principality's ruler William II Villehardouin lost the Battle of Pelagonia against the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologus. William was forced to ransom himself by surrendering most of the eastern part of Morea and his newly built strongholds. The surrendered territory became the nucleus of the Despotate of Morea.

A later Byzantine emperor, John VI Kantakouzenos, reorganized the territory during the mid-14th century to establish it as an appanage for his son, the Despot Manuel Kantakouzenos. The rival Palaiologos dynasty seized the Morea after Manuel's death in 1380, with Theodore I Palaiologos becoming despot in 1383. Theodore ruled until 1407, consolidating Byzantine rule and coming to terms with his more powerful neighbours—particularly the expansionist Ottoman Empire, whose suzerainty he recognised. He also sought to reinvigorate the local economy by inviting Albanians to settle in the territory.

Subsequent despots were the sons of the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, brother of the despot Theodore: Constantine, Demetrios, and Thomas. As Latin power in the Peloponnese waned during the 15th century, the Despotate of the Morea expanded to incorporate the entire peninsula in 1430 with territory being acquired by dowry settlements, and the conquest of Patras by Constantine. However, in 1446 the Ottoman Sultan Murad II destroyed the Byzantine defences—the Hexamilion wall at the Isthmus of Corinth. His attack opened the peninsula to invasion, though Murad died before he could exploit this. His successor Mehmed II "the Conqueror" captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453. The despots, Demetrios Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send him any aid, as Morea was recovering from a recent Ottoman attack. Their own incompetence resulted in an Albanian–Greek revolt against them, during which they invited in Ottoman troops to help them put down the revolt. At this time, a number of influential Moreote Greeks and Albanians made private peace with Mehmed.^[1] After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed came into the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.

A few holdouts remained for a time. The rocky peninsula of Monemvasia refused to surrender and it was first ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope's protection before the end of 1460. The Mani Peninsula, on the Morea's south end, resisted under a loose coalition of the local clans and then that area came under Venice's rule. The very last holdout was Salmeniko, in the Morea's northwest. Graitzas Palaiologos was the military commander there, stationed at Salmeniko Castle (also known as Castle Orgia). While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory. Thus ended the last of the Byzantine Empire proper.^{[2][3][4][5][6][7]}

After 1461 the only non-Ottoman territories were possessed by Venice: the port cities of Modon and Koroni at the southern end of the Morea, the Argolid with Argos, and the port of Nafplion. Monemvasia subsequently surrendered itself to Venice at the beginning of the 1463–1479 Ottoman-Venetian war.

Byzantine despots of the Morea

The Byzantine Empire and the Latin and other states resulting from the Fourth Crusade, as they were in 1265. The Byzantine province of the Morea is also shown.
(William R. Shepherd, Historical Atlas, 1911).

• Manuel Kantakouzenos (1349–?)
• Michael Asan ?
  • Andrew Asan (?–1354)
• Manuel Kantakouzenos (restored) (1354–1380)
• Matthew Kantakouzenos (1380–1383)
• Demetrios I Kantakouzenos (1383)
• Theodore I Palaiologos (1383–1407)
• Theodore II Palaiologos (1407–1443)
• Constantine Palaiologos (1428–1449), after 1449 became emperor at Constantinople. Thereafter, joint rule between his brothers:
  • Thomas Palaiologos (1428–1460)
  • Demetrios II Palaiologos (1449–1460)

See also

• Byzantine Greece

References

1. Contemporary Copy of the Letter of Mehmet II to the Greek Archons 26 December 1454 (ASV Documenti Turchi B.1/11)
2. Monemvasia.com website, http://www.monemvasia.com .
3. The Greek Travel website, http://www.thegreektravel.com/lakonia/monemvasia.html .
4. Katsoulakos.Com website, http://katsoulakos.com/mani-history-new.html .
5. Apodimos.com website, http://www.apodimos.com/arthra/07/Jan/OTTOMAN_in_the_MOREA_in_the_OUTER_MANI/index.htm .
6. Geni website, http://www.geni.com/people/Thomas-Palaiologos/ .
7. William Miller, "Monemvasia," The Journal of Hellenic Studies, 1907, p. 236 (online at https://archive.org/stream/journalofhelleni27sociuoft#page/236/mode/1up .

Sources

• Runciman, Steven (2009). Lost Capital of Byzantium: The History of Mistra and the Peloponnese. Tauris Parke Paperbacks. ISBN 978-1-84511-895-2.

Coordinates: 37°30′00″N 22°30′00″E / 37.5000°N 22.5000°E