Direct pathway of movement

Depicted are parts of the basal ganglia and their interconnections as revealed by diffusion spectrum imaging based on thirty subjects from the human connectome project (HCP MGH). Direct, indirect and hyperdirect pathways are visualized in different colors (see legend). Subcortical structures are rendered based on the Harvard-Oxford subcortical (Thalamus) as well as the Atlasing of the Basal Ganglia atlas (other structures). Rendering was generated using TrackVis software.

The direct pathway of movement is a neuronal circuit within the central nervous system (CNS) through the basal ganglia which facilitates the initiation and execution of voluntary movement.^[1] It works in conjunction with the indirect pathway of movement.

Overview of Neuronal Connections and Normal Function

The direct pathway passes through the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus, which are parts of the basal ganglia. It also involves the substantia nigra, a part of the midbrain.^[2] In a resting individual, a specific region of the globus pallidus, known as the internus, and a portion of the substantia nigra, known as the pars reticulata, send spontaneous inhibitory signals to the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) of the thalamus, through the release of GABA, an inhibitory neurotransmitter.^[3] Inhibition of the inhibitory neurons that project to thalamic VA, which project to the motor regions of the cerebral cortices of the telencephalon, leads to an increase in activity in the motor cortices, thereby promoting muscular action.

When the pre-frontal region of the cerebral cortex, which is generally involved in decision making and planning, determines that a particular motor activity will be executed, it sends activating signals to the motor cortices. The motor cortices send signals through the basal ganglia to refine the choice of muscles that will participate in the movement and to amplify the activity in the motor cortices that will drive the muscle contractions.^[4]

In the direct pathway, the motor cortices send activating signals to the caudate and putamen (which together form the striatum). The cells of the direct pathway in the caudate and putamen that receive these signals are inhibitory and, once they become activated, send inhibitory signals to the globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Thus, activation of the direct pathway will stop activity in the globus pallidus internus and substantia nigra pars reticulata. Before activation of the direct pathway, these two nuclei were actively sending inhibitory signals to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus, which prevented the development of significant activity in the motor cerebral cortices. This behavior ceases on activation of the direct pathway. The net effect is to allow the activation of the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus which, in turn, sends activating signals to the motor cortices. These events amplify motor cortical activity that will eventually drive muscle contractions.

Diseases Involving the Direct Pathway

Interruption or dysfunction of the direct pathway results in hypokinesia, which is, in general terms, a disease which leads to a lack of motion.

References

1. Nambu A (2004). "A new dynamic model of the cortico-basal ganglia loop". Prog. Brain Res. 143: 461–466. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(03)43043-4. PMID 14653188.
2. Pollack AE (August 2001). "Anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of the basal ganglia". Neurol Clin 19 (3): 523–34, v. doi:10.1016/s0733-8619(05)70032-3. PMID 11532641.
3. Hauber W (December 1998). "Involvement of basal ganglia transmitter systems in movement initiation". Prog. Neurobiol. 56 (5): 507–40. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(98)00041-0. PMID 9775402.
4. Bolam JP, Hanley JJ, Booth PA, Bevan MD (May 2000). "Synaptic organisation of the basal ganglia". J. Anat. 196 ( Pt 4): 527–42. doi:10.1046/j.1469-7580.2000.19640527.x. PMC 1468095. PMID 10923985.