Dirichlet problem

In mathematics, a Dirichlet problem is the problem of finding a function which solves a specified partial differential equation (PDE) in the interior of a given region that takes prescribed values on the boundary of the region.

The Dirichlet problem can be solved for many PDEs, although originally it was posed for Laplace's equation. In that case the problem can be stated as follows:

Given a function f that has values everywhere on the boundary of a region in Rⁿ, is there a unique continuous function u twice continuously differentiable in the interior and continuous on the boundary, such that u is harmonic in the interior and u = f on the boundary?

This requirement is called the Dirichlet boundary condition. The main issue is to prove the existence of a solution; uniqueness can be proved using the maximum principle.

History

The Dirichlet problem is named after Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet, who proposed a solution by a variational method which became known as Dirichlet's principle. The existence of a unique solution is very plausible by the 'physical argument': any charge distribution on the boundary should, by the laws of electrostatics, determine an electrical potential as solution.

However, Karl Weierstrass found a flaw in Dirichlet's argument, and a rigorous proof of existence was found only in 1900 by David Hilbert. It turns out that the existence of a solution depends delicately on the smoothness of the boundary and the prescribed data.

General solution

For a domain $D$ having a sufficiently smooth boundary $\partial D$, the general solution to the Dirichlet problem is given by

$u(x)=\int_{\partial D} \nu(s) \frac{\partial G(x,s)}{\partial n} ds$

where $G(x,y)$ is the Green's function for the partial differential equation, and

$\frac{\partial G(x,s)}{\partial n} = \widehat{n} \cdot \nabla_s G (x,s) = \sum_i n_i \frac{\partial G(x,s)}{\partial s_i}$

is the derivative of the Green's function along the inward-pointing unit normal vector $\widehat{n}$. The integration is performed on the boundary, with measure $ds$. The function $\nu(s)$ is given by the unique solution to the Fredholm integral equation of the second kind,

$f(x) = -\frac{\nu(x)}{2} + \int_{\partial D} \nu(s) \frac{\partial G(x,s)}{\partial n} ds.$

The Green's function to be used in the above integral is one which vanishes on the boundary:

$G(x,s)=0$

for $s\in \partial D$ and $x\in D$. Such a Green's function is usually a sum of the free-field Green's function and a harmonic solution to the differential equation.

Existence

The Dirichlet problem for harmonic functions always has a solution, and that solution is unique, when the boundary is sufficiently smooth and $f(s)$ is continuous. More precisely, it has a solution when

$\partial D \in C^{1,\alpha}$

for some $\alpha\in(0,1)$, where $C^{1,\alpha}$ denotes the Hölder condition.

Example: the unit disk in two dimensions

In some simple cases the Dirichlet problem can be solved explicitly. For example, the solution to the Dirichlet problem for the unit disk in R² is given by the Poisson integral formula.

If $f$ is a continuous function on the boundary $\partial D$ of the open unit disk $D$, then the solution to the Dirichlet problem is $u(z)$ given by

$u(z) = \begin{cases} \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_0^{2\pi} f(e^{i\psi}) \frac {1-\vert z \vert ^2}{\vert 1-ze^{-i\psi}\vert ^2} d \psi & \mbox{if }z \in D \\ f(z) & \mbox{if }z \in \partial D. \end{cases}$

The solution $u$ is continuous on the closed unit disk $\bar{D}$ and harmonic on $D.$

The integrand is known as the Poisson kernel; this solution follows from the Green's function in two dimensions:

$G(z,x) = -\frac{1}{2\pi} \log \vert z-x\vert + \gamma(z,x)$

where $\gamma(z,x)$ is harmonic

$\Delta_x \gamma(z,x)=0$

and chosen such that $G(z,x)=0$ for $x\in \partial D$.

Methods of solution

For bounded domains, the Dirichlet problem can be solved using the Perron method, which relies on the maximum principle for subharmonic functions. This approach is described in many text books.^[1] It is not well-suited to describing smoothness of solutions when the boundary is smooth. Another classical Hilbert space approach through Sobolev spaces does yield such information.^[2] The solution of the Dirichlet problem using Sobolev spaces for planar domains can be used to prove the smooth version of the Riemann mapping theorem. Bell (1992) has outlined a different approach for establishing the smooth Riemann mapping theorem, based on the reproducing kernels of Szegő and Bergman, and in turn used it to solve the Dirichlet problem. The classical methods of potential theory allow the Dirichlet problem to be solved directly in terms of integral operators, for which the standard theory of compact and Fredholm operators is applicable. The same methods work equally for the Neumann problem. ^[3]

Generalizations

Dirichlet problems are typical of elliptic partial differential equations, and potential theory, and the Laplace equation in particular. Other examples include the biharmonic equation and related equations in elasticity theory.

They are one of several types of classes of PDE problems defined by the information given at the boundary, including Neumann problems and Cauchy problems.

Example - equation of a finite string attached to one moving wall

Let us consider the Dirichlet problem for the wave equation which describes a string attached between walls with one end attached permanently and with the other moving with the constant velocity i.e. the d’Alembert equation on the triangular region of the Cartesian product of the space and the time:

$\frac{\partial{}^2}{\partial t^2}u(x,t) - \frac{\partial{}^2}{\partial x^2} u(x,t) = 0$

$u(0,t)= 0$

$u(\lambda t, t)=0$

As one can easily check by substitution that the solution fulfilling the first condition is

$u(x,t)= f(t-x) - f(x+t)$

Additionally we want

$f(t-\lambda t) - f(\lambda t+t)=0$

Substituting

$\tau=(\lambda +1) t$

we get the condition of self-similarity

$f(\gamma \tau) = f(\tau)$

where

$\gamma= \frac{1-\lambda}{\lambda +1}$

It is fulfilled for example by the composite function $\sin[\log(e^{2 \pi} x)]= \sin[\log(x)]$

with

$\lambda=e^{2\pi}=1^{-i}$

thus in general

$f(\tau) = g[\log(\gamma \tau)]$

where $g$ is a periodic function with a period $\log(\gamma)$

$g[\tau+\log(\gamma)]= g(\tau)$

and we get the general solution

$u(x,t)=g[\log(t-x)] - g[\log(x+t)]$.

Notes

1. See for example:
   • John 1982
   • Bers, John & Schechter 1979
   • Greene & Krantz 2006
2. See for example:
   • Bers, John & Schechter 1979
   • Chazarain & Piriou 1982
   • Taylor 2011
3. See:
   • Folland 1995
   • Bers, John & Schechter 1979

References

• A. Yanushauskas (2001), "Dirichlet problem", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
• S. G. Krantz, The Dirichlet Problem. §7.3.3 in Handbook of Complex Variables. Boston, MA: Birkhäuser, p. 93, 1999. ISBN 0-8176-4011-8.
• S. Axler, P. Gorkin, K. Voss, The Dirichlet problem on quadratic surfaces Mathematics of Computation 73 (2004), 637-651.
• Gilbarg, David; Trudinger, Neil S. (2001), Elliptic partial differential equations of second order (2nd ed.), Berlin, New York: Springer-Verlag, ISBN 978-3-540-41160-4
• Gérard, Patrick; Leichtnam, Éric: Ergodic properties of eigenfunctions for the Dirichlet problem. Duke Math. J. 71 (1993), no. 2, 559-607.
• John, Fritz (1982), Partial differential equations, Applied Mathematical Sciences 1 (4th ed.), Springer-Verlag, ISBN 0-387-90609-6
• Bers, Lipman; John, Fritz; Schechter, Martin (1979), Partial differential equations, with supplements by Lars Gȧrding and A. N. Milgram, Lectures in Applied Mathematics 3A, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-0049-3
• Agmon, Shmuel (2010), Lectures on Elliptic Boundary Value Problems, American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-4910-7
• Stein, Elias M. (1970), Singular Integrals and Differentiability Properties of Functions, Princeton University Press
• Greene, Robert E.; Krantz, Steven G. (2006), Function theory of one complex variable, Graduate Studies in Mathematics 40 (3rd ed.), American Mathematical Society, ISBN 0-8218-3962-4
• Taylor, Michael E. (2011), Partial differential equations I. Basic theory, Applied Mathematical Sciences 115 (2nd ed.), Springer, ISBN 978-1-4419-7054-1
• Zimmer, Robert J. (1990), Essential results of functional analysis, Chicago Lectures in Mathematics, University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-98337-4
• Folland, Gerald B. (1995), Introduction to partial differential equations (2nd ed.), Princeton University Press, ISBN 0-691-04361-2
• Chazarain, Jacques; Piriou, Alain (1982), Introduction to the Theory of Linear Partial Differential Equations, Studies in Mathematics and Its Applications 14, Elsevier, ISBN 0444864520
• Bell, Steven R. (1992), The Cauchy transform, potential theory, and conformal mapping, Studies in Advanced Mathematics, CRC Press, ISBN 0-8493-8270-X
• Warner, Frank W. (1983), Foundations of Differentiable Manifolds and Lie Groups, Graduate Texts in Mathematics 94, Springer, ISBN 0387908943
• Griffiths, Phillip; Harris, Joseph (1994), Principles of Algebraic Geometry, Wiley Interscience, ISBN 0471050598
• Courant, R. (1950), Dirichlet's Principle, Conformal Mapping, and Minimal Surfaces, Interscience
• Schiffer, M.; Hawley, N. S. (1962), "Connections and conformal mapping", Acta Math. 107: 175–274, doi:10.1007/bf02545790

External links

• Hazewinkel, Michiel, ed. (2001), "Dirichlet problem", Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
• Weisstein, Eric W., "Dirichlet Problem", MathWorld.
• Dirichlet Problem Module by John H. Mathews