Divers Alert Network

International Divers Alert Network
Abbreviation IDAN
Purpose Scuba diving safety
Headquarters Durham, North Carolina
Location
  • 6 West Colony Place, Durham, NC 27705 USA
Region served

Worldwide, in cooperation with associates.

  • DAN Asia Pacific
  • DAN Brasil
  • DAN Europe
  • DAN Japan
  • DAN Southern Africa

Divers Alert Network (DAN) is a group of not-for-profit organizations dedicated to improving diving safety for all divers. It was founded in Durham, North Carolina, USA in 1980 at Duke University providing 24/7 telephonic hot-line diving medical assistance. Since then the organization has expanded globally and now has independent regional organizations in North America, Europe, Japan, Asia-Pacific and Southern Africa.[1][2]

The DAN group of organizations provide similar services, some only to members, and others to any person on request. Member services usually include a diving accident hot-line, and diving accident and travel insurance. Services to the general public usually include diving medical advice and training in first aid for diving accidents. DAN America and DAN Europe maintain databases on diving accidents, treatment and fatalities, and crowd-sourced databases on dive profiles uploaded by volunteers which are used for ongoing research programmes. They publish research results and collaborate with other organizations on projects of common interest.

Function

DAN has an international network of emergency call centers which operate 24 hours a day to provide members with specialized assistance for diving emergencies from a group of experts in Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine.[3]

History

In 1977, Undersea Medical Society (later the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society) introduced the concept of a national organization (to replace LEO-FAST at Brooks Air Force Base, directed by Colonel Jefferson Davis, M.D.) where a diving medicine specialist could be contacted by telephone 24 hours a day. Dr. Peter B. Bennett received a two-year grant from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) in September 1980 to form the "National Diving Accident Network" at the Frank G. Hall Hyperbaric Center at Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina.[4][5]

In 1981, DAN published its "Underwater Diving Accident Manual".[6] The Hyperbaric Center received 305 calls for information and assistance. DAN implemented a medical/safety advisory telephone line to handle questions from recreational divers with non-emergency questions in 1982.[4] This change was followed by a name change from "Diving Accident Network" to "Divers Alert Network" and hosted the first annual Diving Accident and Hyperbaric Treatment continuing medical education course at the Duke University Medical Center.[4]

In 1983 International Diving Assistance (IDA), later to become DAN Europe, was founded by dr. Alessandro Marroni as a 24-hour per day diving emergency assistance service, set up as a membership organization, with specific insurance benefits since the start.[7]

In 1984, federal grant monies were decreased (50 percent in 1982 and then by 25 percent in 1983) and support now comes exclusively from divers and the diving industry.[4]

In 1985 DAN started a 'sponsor program' for clubs, stores and corporations,[4]

In 1987 the Civil Alert Network (CAN) began assisting diving emergencies in Japan, under the guidance of prof. Yoshihiro Mano of the University of Tokyo Medical School.[7] This would become DAN Japan. Also in 1987, DAN started the first dive accident insurance program for members. After the introduction of this program the membership numbers doubled to 32,000 in 1988.[4]

The IRS granted DAN its 501(c)(3) non-profit status in 1990.[4] The organization continues to be associated with Duke University Medical Center, but moved its offices from the Frank G. Hall Labs to off campus office space. In 1991 DAN introduced its first training course 'Oxygen First aid Training Program' and DAN Travel Assist. In the same year the 'Flying After Diving' research trials began.

The need for an international organisation that would be available to all divers, wherever they dived around the world, became increasingly apparent and, during a meeting at DAN Headquarters in Durham, N.C., USA, in February 1991, the process to form an International DAN was started. The four existing organisations decided to adopt the common name of DAN.[7] and International DAN – also known as IDAN – was established to support the regional IDAN members - DAN America, DAN Europe, DAN Japan, and DAN Asia-Pacific.[4][8]

In 1992 Emergency medical evacuation, was added as a member benefit, and DAN was awarded the Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society's Craig Hoffman Diving Safety Award in June of that year for its significant contributions to the health and safety of recreational divers.[4] In September the first DAN Instructor Training Workshop was held, and the Oxygen First Aid Training program was introduced to Europe.

1993 saw DAN open an insurance company 'Accident General Insurance'.

Dan Asia Pacific was founded in 1994 under the name DAN Australia by Australian diver, John Lippmann OAM, after dual approaches from DAN America and Dr John Williamson of the Australian Diver Emergency Service (DES) to "establish a DAN entity in the Asia-Pacific."[9][10]

DAN Southern Africa joined the IDAN in 1996 with Frans Cronjé, M.D. as CEO[7] By 1996 Oxygen First Aid Training was being taught in seven continents.[4]

DAN introduced other diving related first aid training courses – 'Oxygen first aid for aquatic emergencies' (1998), 'Remote Oxygen (REMO2) (1999), Hazardous Marine Life Injuries (2000), Automatic External Difibrillation (AED) (2001) and Advanced Oxygen Provider (2002).[4] DAN moved to its new, permanent headquarters, the Peter B. Bennett Center.[4]

Dr. Bennett received the 2002 Diving Equipment and Marketing Association Reaching Out Award for his contribution to the dive industry and the Carolinas' Ernst and Young Entrepreneur of the Year 2002 award for contributions to business in the life sciences.[4][5] He announced his retirement as DAN President effective June 30, 2003[11] After Bennett resigned as DAN President and CEO, DAN Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer Dan Orr, MS was named acting president and CEO.[4] DAN established the Peter B. Bennett Research Fund, within the Endowment Fund to support research initiatives, enhancing dive safety into the future.[12]

In 2004, Michael D. Curley, Ph.D. was named DAN America President and CEO.[13] In 2006, Dr. Curley stepped down and Mr. Orr was named as the DAN President and CEO. In February 2009, DAN launched a web site for their bi-monthly magazine "Alert Diver Online".[14]

IDAN

International DAN (IDAN) comprises independently administered nonprofit DAN organizations based around the world that provide expert emergency medical and referral services to regional diving communities. Each DAN depends on the support of the divers of its region to provide its safety and educational services, and may provide locally appropriate insurance options. They operate under protocol standards set by the IDAN Headquarters.[15]

DAN (America) serves as the headquarters for IDAN.[15]

DAN America

Divers Alert Network America
Abbreviation DAN America
Motto Prepare Smarter. Dive Smarter. Respond Smarter.
Formation 1980 (1980)
Type NGO
Legal status 501(c)(3) association
Purpose Scuba diving safety
Headquarters Durham, North Carolina
Location
  • 6 West Colony Place, Durham, NC 27705 USA
Region served
 United States & Canada
Membership
 > 230,000 (Feb. 2016)
President/CEO
 Bill Ziefle
Main organ
 Board Of Directors
Subsidiaries
  • DAN Asia Pacific
  • DAN Europe
  • DAN Japan
  • DAN Southern Africa
Website www.dan.org
Formerly called
 National Diving Accident Network

Divers Alert Network America, DAN America, or just DAN is a non-profit 501(c)(3) organization devoted to assisting divers in need. It is supported by donations, grants, and membership dues. Its research department conducts medical research on recreational scuba diving safety while its medical department helps divers to find answers to their diving medical questions. Regions of coverage include the United States and Canada.[15]

DAN Asia-Pacific

Divers Alert Network Asia-Pacific
Abbreviation DAN Asia-Pacific
Purpose Scuba diving safety
Headquarters 49A Karnak Road, Ashburton, 3147
Location
  • Victoria, Australia
Region served
 Australia, China, India, Korea, New Zealand, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia and Taiwan
Membership
 10,561 (June 2014)

Divers Alert Network Asia Pacific Limited (DAN Asia Pacific) is a diving safety organization founded in 1994 and has not-for-profit incorporation in Australia as a public company limited by guarantee.[16] The address for legal, operational and administrative purposes is 49A Karnak Road, Ashburton, Victoria, 3147, Australia.[17] It previously traded under the following names - Divers Alert Network (DAN) S.E. Asia-Pacific Limited and DAN Australasia Limited.[18]

It is funded by membership subscriptions, insurance commissions, training courses, product sales and other undisclosed sources.[19]

Membership as of June 2014 totalled 10,561.[19]

Its region of operation includes Australia, China, India, Korea, New Zealand, the South Pacific, Southeast Asia and Taiwan.[20]

Services

Medical hotlines

DAN Asia Pacific promotes the use of 24-hour emergency hotline services in Australia, New Zealand and Korea. It fully funds the operation of the Australian hotline, the Diving Emergency Service, which is based in the Hyperbaric Medical Unit at the Royal Adelaide Hospital in South Australia and which provides medical consultancy service for diving-related emergencies on a 24-hour basis within and outside of Australia.[21][22][23]

Insurance cover

As of 2016, DAN Asia Pacific provides insurance cover for its members in Australia underwritten by Honan Insurance Group Pty Ltd and cover for its members residing outside of Australia underwritten by Accident & General Insurance Company, Ltd.[24][25]

Training

DAN Asia Pacific provides training and certification for divers, professional rescuers and the general public in respect to diving and general first aid. It also trains and qualifies instructors to provide this training. It has status in Australia as a registered provider of vocational education under the Australian government’s Australian Qualifications Framework.[26] As of 2016, it offers the following training courses including some which have national recognition in Australia:[27][28][29]

Membership

DAN Asia Pacific offers the following membership classes:[30]

Research

Examples of DAN Asia Pacific research projects:[31]

DAN Brasil

Region of coverage is Brazil.[15]

DAN Europe

Divers Alert Network Europe
Abbreviation DAN Europe
Formation 1983 (1983)
Type NGO
Legal status Not for profit European Foundation
Purpose Scuba diving safety
Headquarters C. da Padune 11,
Location
  • 64026 Roseto Italy
Region served
 Europe, Mediterranean, Middle East, Red Sea, Persian Gulf, north-east Africa
Membership
 > 100,000
President and Chief Executive
 Prof. Alessandro Marroni. M.D.
Affiliations Founding member of International DAN
Website www.daneurope.org/web/guest/home
Formerly called
 International Diving Assistance (IDA)

Divers Alert Network Europe (DAN Europe) is an international non-profit medical and research organization founded in 1983.[32] The legal address is 26, Triq Fidiel Zarb, Gharghur NXR07, Malta, but the operational and administrative address is C. da Padune 11, 64026 Roseto Italy[33]

The Foundation is primarily funded through the membership fees paid annually by individual supporters, and also through contributions by public or private individuals or organisations, through the sale of goods and services related to its statutory activities, and fund raising schemes, subsidies or sponsorships in order to finance specific projects such as medical and scientific research.[33] Membership (Feb. 2016) exceeds 100,000.[32]

Region of coverage includes geographical Europe, other countries bordering the Mediterranean Sea, the countries on the shores of the Red Sea, the Middle East including the Persian Gulf, the countries on the shores of the Indian Ocean north of the equator and west of (not including) India and Sri Lanka, and their overseas territories, districts and protectorates.[15]

Services

DAN Europe provides expert information and advice for the benefit of its members and the diving public, including:[32]

Medical hotline

DAN Europe provides its members with medical assistance in case of a diving emergency, 24/7 and from anywhere in the world.[34] There is an international line for use when the member is abroad, and each country has a national emergency number.[34]

  • If the accident occurred in an area where a national DAN centre exists, the local centre will manage the emergency in coordination with the Rome centre and the specialist from the victim's home country.[34]
  • If the accident occurred in a country without a national DAN centre, the intervention will be managed directly by the central DAN Europe hotline.[34]

Medical advice

For non-urgent diving medical information DAN Europe has a number of articles on the website, an FAQ page, and if the information needed was not available from those resources, there is an email form to request information. Specialised medical advice is reserved to active DAN Members.[35]

Insurance cover

DAN Europe provides insurance cover for members underwritten by International Diving Assurance.[36]

Technical

Since 1997 the Recompression Chamber Assistance and Partnership Program has been available to provide recompression chambers operators with equipment, training and emergency assistance, to help ensure that they are available, in good condition and safe when needed.[37]

Training

DAN Europe provides training and certification for divers professional rescuers and the general public and in aspects of first aid, and trains instructors to provide this training.[38]

Courses available include:[38]

  • Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
  • Advanced Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
  • First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life Injures
  • Automated External Defibrillation
  • Basic Life Support
  • First Aid
  • Oxygen first aid for aquatic emergencies
  • On-Site Neurological Assessment for Divers
  • Medical Oxygen Rebreather
  • Dive Medicine for Divers (DMFD)
  • Paediatric Basic Life Support
  • Diving Medical Technician
  • Instructor Qualification Course

Membership

Membership classes of DAN Europe include:[33]

Research

Examples of DAN Europe research projects:[39]

  • Gathering data on circulating gas bubbles and analysing the data.
  • "The economy of decompression": Optimization of ascent profiles.
  • Investigating the causes of unexplained diving incidents.
  • Stress in recreational diving.
  • Risk of decompression illness relating to patent foramen ovale.
  • Managing asthma and diabetes in diving.
  • Physiology and pathophysiology of breath-hold in adults and children.
  • Hypothermia and diving.
  • Headache and diving.
  • Blood changes associated with diving.
  • Decompression sickness risk when travelling by air after diving.
  • Pysiological effects of rebreather diving.
  • Effects of decompression stress on endothelial stem cells and blood cells.
  • Early biomarkers for decompression stress.
  • The effects of normobaric oxygen on blood and in first aid for decompression illness.

DAN Japan

Region of coverage includes Japan, Japanese islands and related territories, with regional IDAN responsibility for Northeast Asia-Pacific.[15]

DAN Southern Africa

Divers Alert Network Southern Africa
Abbreviation DAN SA
Formation 17 January 1997 (17 January 1997)
Type NGO
Legal status Section 21 not for profit company
Purpose Scuba diving safety
Headquarters Midrand, Gauteng, South Africa
Location
  • Rosen Office Park, DAN Building, Halfway Gardens, Midrand 1685
Region served
 Africa south of the equator and Indian Ocean islands
Membership
 >8000 (Jan 2016)
CEO
 Dr. Frans Cronjé
Main organ
 Board Of Directors
Staff
 Four full time staff, seven on-call diving doctors
Website www.dansa.org

Divers Alert Network Southern Africa is a Public Benefit Organization with the primary purpose to provide emergency medical advice and assistance for underwater diving injuries, to work to prevent injuries and to promote dive safety.

DAN SA also promotes and supports research and education relating to the improvement of dive safety, medical treatment and first aid, and provides information on dive safety, diving physiology and diving medical issues of common concern to the diving public. Legal advice relating to diving matters is also available. The organisation is funded by membership fees, training fees, donations and the sale of branded first aid, safety and promotional products.

Regions of coverage include South Africa, Angola, Botswana, Comoros, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.[15]

Timeline

Services

Medical hotline

DAN South Africa provides emergency hotline for diving and evacuation emergencies. Response staff and diving medicine specialists are on call 24 hours a day, 365 days a year, to provide information and assist with care coordination and evacuation assistance. A toll-free 0800 number is available for calls from within South Africa, and an international number for calls from outside South Africa which is not toll-free.[40][41][42]

Medical advice

DAN SA also provides a diving medical information service. During business hours this can be accessed by telephone or e-mail. Other related information is available from a FAQ and articles on the website. They are linked to the South African Underwater and Hyperbaric Medical Association (SAUHMA) diving medical practitioner database, and maintain an international list of diving medical practitioners for referral.[40]

Legal advice

DAN has access to legal professionals with an interest in diving and who are experienced in local, regional and international law. Members who are in need of legal assistance can contact DAN via email. DAN staff will consider requests and, if appropriate, refer the member to an appropriate legal expert within the network, who will make appropriate suggestions to the member on how best to represent or defend their interests.[43]

Insurance cover

DAN SA is not an insurance company. It has a group insurance policy from AIG South Africa which allows it to extend emergency cover to members for specific diving, travel and medical emergencies. Cover is limited according to membership level.[2]

Cover includes:[2]

Technical

A joint project of DAN SA and Subaquatic Safety Services (SSS) Network established the Zanzibar Hyperbaric Chamber, which is the only publicly available hyperbaric facility in East Africa.[44]

Training

DAN SA provides training and certification for divers in aspects of diving first aid, and trains instructors to provide this training.

Courses available include:[45]

  • Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
  • Advanced Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
  • First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life Injures
  • Automated External Defibrillators (AED) for Scuba Diving
  • Basic Life Support
  • DAN First Aid
  • On-Site Neurological Assessment for Divers
  • Diving Medicine for Divers (DMFD)
  • Diving Emergency Management Provider (DEMP) Programme: This is a package of:
  • Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
  • Advanced Oxygen First Aid for Scuba Diving Injuries
  • Automated External Defibrillators (AED) for Scuba Diving
  • First Aid for Hazardous Marine Life Injuries
  • The Diving Emergency Specialist (DES)
  • Instructor Qualification Course
  • Instructor Trainer Workshop

Membership

Several options for membership of DAN SA are available:[46]

Research

DAN SA cooperates with DAN Europe and the University of Stellenbosch in gathering crowdsourced data for decompression and other diving physiology and medicine, and diving accident research projects. Most of these are long term projects, but annual statistical reports are published, and contributing divers can get immediate feedback on relative risk of their uploaded dive profiles.[47]

Alert diver (SA edition)

The Alert Diver is a magazine containing information on dive medicine, the latest DAN statistics, and research, safety and training advice by DAN staff. It is published twice-yearly in paper and digital versions. Non-members can download the digital version of the Alert Diver for a nominal fee.[48]

DAN World

Regions of coverage include the Bahamas, British and U.S. Virgin Islands, Caribbean, Central and South America, Guam, Micronesia and Melanesia (except Fiji), Puerto Rico, and any other places not covered by the regional organisations.[15]

Research

Completed programs

Ongoing programs

Publications

DAN publishes research results on a wide range of matters relating to diving safety and medicine and diving accident analysis, including annual reports on decompression illness and diving fatalities. Most are freely available on the internet, many of these at the Rubicon Research Repository.

Conferences

Rebreather Forum 3

In May 2012, DAN along with the American Academy of Underwater Sciences and the Professional Association of Diving Instructors hosted the Rebreather Forum 3 (RF3) which was organised by Rosemary E Lunn. This three day safety symposium was convened to address major issues surrounding rebreather technology, and its application in commercial, media, military, scientific, recreational and technical diving. Experts, manufactures, instructor trainers, training agencies and divers from all over the world discussed this technology and shared information. Associate Professor Simon J Mitchell chaired the final session at RF3 and, as a result, 16 key consensus statements were agreed and ratified by the global rebreather community.[51]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Edmonds, Carl; Thomas, Bob; McKenzie, Bart; Pennefather, John (2015). "Divers Alert Network" (PDF). Diving Medicine for Scuba Divers. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 Staff (2006). DAN Southern Africa newsletter (1st quarter ed.). DAN Southern Africa.
  3. ↑ Staff. "Emergency procedures". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 21 February 2016.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 "History of DAN". Divers Alert Network. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  5. 1 2 Bennett, PB (2008). To the Very Depths: A Memoir of Professor Peter B Bennett, Ph.D. Best Publishing Company. p. 229 pages. ISBN 978-1-930536-47-0.
  6. ↑ Vann, Richard D (2007). "The History of Divers Alert Network (DAN) and DAN Research.". In: Moon RE, Piantadosi CA, Camporesi EM (eds.). Dr. Peter Bennett Symposium Proceedings. Held May 1, 2004. Durham, N.C.: (Divers Alert Network). Retrieved 2011-01-15.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Staff. "History of DAN". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  8. ↑ "International DAN". Divers Alert Network. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  9. ↑ Cefai, Mel (2013). "Celebrating John Lippmann". Alert Diver Asia Pacific (September - December 2013): 34.
  10. ↑ "Medal (OAM) of The Order of Australia in the General Division (Mr John Maxwell LIPPMANN)" (PDF). Office of the Official Secretary to the Governor-General. 2007. p. 281. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  11. ↑ "DAN Founder Retires amid controversy...and serious questions". Undercurrent. January 2003. Retrieved 2007-03-31.
  12. ↑ "DAN Establishes the Peter B. Bennett Research Fund". Divers Alert Network. 2003-01-27. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  13. ↑ "DAN Announces New Board of Directors for 2004-2005". Divers Alert Network. 2004-07-16. Retrieved 2008-09-24.
  14. ↑ "Alert Diver Online". Divers Alert Network. Retrieved 2009-03-19.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Staff. "International". DAN website. Divers Alert Network. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  16. ↑ "Divers Alert Network (DAN) Asia-Pacific Limited ACN 066 827 129". Australian Securities & Investments Commission. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  17. ↑ "Contact DAN Asia-Pacific". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  18. ↑ "Historical details for ABN 67 066 827 129". Australian Business Register, Australian Government. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  19. 1 2 "DAN Asia-Pacific Financials". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  20. ↑ "International DAN (IDAN)". DAN, Inc. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  21. ↑ "Divers Emergency Service". Royal Adelaide Hospital. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  22. ↑ "DAN 24-hour emergency hotline numbers". DAN Asia Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  23. ↑ "The DAN AP Diving Emergency Service (DES) Hotline". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  24. ↑ "DAN dive injury insurance - (for residents of Australia)". DAN Asia Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  25. ↑ "DAN – Asia Pacific diving accident insurance plans" (PDF). DAN Asia Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  26. ↑ "4659 - Divers Alert Network (DAN) Asia-Pacific Limited". National Register on Vocational Education and Training, Australian government. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "DAN Asia-Pacific nationally recognised courses". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  28. ↑ "Other DAN courses – not nationally recognised". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  29. ↑ "DAN instructor courses". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  30. ↑ "Application for DAN Membership". DAN Asia-Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  31. ↑ "DAN Research". DAN Asia Pacific. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  32. 1 2 3 Staff. "Mission and vision". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  33. 1 2 3 Staff. "Statute and By-laws". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network, Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  34. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Staff. "Emergencies". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  35. ↑ Staff. "Send DAN an e-mail". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  36. ↑ Staff. "Membership Benefits". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  37. ↑ Staff. "RCAPP". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  38. 1 2 Staff. "Training Programs". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  39. ↑ Staff. "Our Projects". DAN Europe website. Divers Alert Network Europe. Retrieved 18 February 2016.
  40. 1 2 Staff. "DAN Medical Information". Divers Alert Network Southern Africa. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  41. ↑ Staff. "Diving (SCUBA) Emergency Contacts". emedicinehealth. emedicinehealth.com. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  42. ↑ Johnson, Chris; Anderson, Sarah R.; Dallimore, Jon; Winser, Shane; Warrell, David; Imray, Chris; Moore, James (21 May 2015). "24 - Underwater". Oxford Handbook of Expedition and Wilderness Medicine (revised second ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 742. ISBN 9780191066825.
  43. ↑ Staff. "Chambers and Medical Clinics - Zanzibar, Tanzania". Subaquatic Safety Services Network website. Subaquatic Safety Services. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  44. ↑ Staff. "Training - Courses". DAN SA website. Divers Alart Network Southern Africa. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  45. ↑ Staff. "Membership". DAN SA website. Divers Alert Network Southern Africa. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  46. ↑ Staff. "Research - Partnering with the University of Stellenbosch". DAN SA Website. Divers Alert Network Southern Africa. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  47. ↑ Staff. "Alert Diver". DAN SA website. Diving Accident Network Southern Africa. Retrieved 16 February 2016.
  48. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Staff. "Completed Projects & Studies". DAN SA website. DAN Southern Africa. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  49. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Staff. "Projects & Studies". DAN SA website. DAN Southern Africa. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  50. ↑ Vann, RD; Denoble, PJ; Pollock, NW, eds. (2014). Rebreather Forum 3 Proceedings. (PDF). Durham, NC: AAUS/DAN/PADI. ISBN 978-0-9800423-9-9. Retrieved 26 February 2015.

External links

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