Djadochta Formation

Djadochta Formation Stratigraphic range: Campanian, 75–71 Ma PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓
Type	Geological formation
Lithology
Primary	Sandstone
Location
Region	Asia
Country	Mongolia

The Djadochta Formation (sometimes transcribed Djadokhta) is a geological formation situated in central Asia (Gobi Desert), dating from the Late Cretaceous Period. Laid down in the early Campanian, possibly starting in the latest Santonian, it is dated somewhat uncertainly at about 75-71 mya (million years ago).^[1] The type locality are the famous "Flaming Cliffs", locally known as Bayanzag ("rich in Haloxylon") or Ulaan-Ereg ("red cliffs").

It preserves an arid habitat of sand dunes, with little freshwater apart from oases and arroyos. In fact, the present-day climate at most Djadochta Formation sites differs little from what it was some 80 mya, except by being somewhat warmer and perhaps a bit less arid then. This is testimony to the fact that the location has long been so far from any major source of evaporation that little rainfall reached it, even before the Himalayas were uplifted which bar clouds from reaching today's Gobi desert.

Most notable fossil discoveries have been the first confirmed dinosaur eggs (a clutch, probably of Oviraptor) and several dinosaur finds, Protoceratops, Pinacosaurus and Velociraptor being the most prominent.

The Flaming Cliffs, type locality of the Djadochta Formation.

Fauna

The fauna of the Djadochta Formation is very similar in composition to the nearby Bayan Mandahu Formation. The two share many of the same genera, but differ in the exact species. For example, the most common mammal in the Djadochta is Kryptobaatar dashzevegi, while in the Bayan Mandahu, it is the closely related Kryptobaatar mandahuensis. Similarly, the dinosaur fauna of the Djadochta includes Protoceratops andrewsi and Velociraptor mongoliensis, which the Bayan Mandahu yields Protoceratops hellenikorhinus and Velociraptor osmolskae.^[1] It is likely that the nearby Bayn Mandahu represents a slightly younger, perhaps by 1 million years, assemblage of slightly more derived animals, possibly the direct descendants of their Djadochta counterparts.^[2]

Amphibians

A frog of uncertain classification is known from the formation.

Crocodylomorphs

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes
Gobiosuchus	G. kielanae				A gobisuchid.
Shamosuchus	S. djadochtaensis				A mesoeucrocodylian.
Zaraasuchus	Z. shepardi				A gobisuchid.
Zosuchus	Z. davidsoni				A basal crocodyliform.

Lizards

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Aiolosaurus	A. oriens					Estesia
Anchaurosaurus	A. gilmorei				A primitive iguanid.
Estesia	E. mongoliensis				An anguimorph.
Gobiderma	G. pulchra				An anguimorph.
Mimeosaurus	M. crassus				An agamid.
Pleurodontagama	P. aenigmatodes				An agamid.
Priscagama	P. gobiensis				An agamid.
Xihaina	X. aquilonia				A primitive iguanid.

Mammals

Genus	Species	Location	Stratigraphic position	Abundance	Notes	Images
Bulganbaatar	B. nemegtbaataroides				A multituberculate.	Zalambdalestes
Deltatheridium	D. pretrituberculare				A metatherian.
Deltatheroides	D. cretacicus				A metatherian.
Hyotheridium	H. dobsoni				A therian mammal of uncertain classification.
Kamptobaatar	K. kuczynskii	Ukhaa Tolgod			A multituberculate.
Kennalestes	K. gobiensis				A placental. Also present in the Bayan Mandahu Formation.
Kryptobaatar	K. dashzevegi	Ukhaa Tolgod[3] Zos Wash[3]			A multituberculate, the most common mammal in this formation.[1]
Zalambdalestes	Z. lechei	Ukhaa Tolgod[3] Zos Wash[3]			A placental.

Ornithischians

Genus	Species	Location	Abundance	Notes	Images
Pinacosaurus	P. grangeri	Bayan Dzak[2] Ukhaa Tolgod[2] Alag Teg Tugriken Shireh		An ankylosaur.	Pinacosaurus Protoceratops
	P. mephistocephalus	Bayan Mandahu
	Indeterminate	Tugriken Shireh[2]		An ankylosaur.
Plesiohadros[4]	P. djadokhtaensis	Alag Teg		A basal hadrosaurid.
Protoceratops	P. andrewsi	Bayan Dzak[2] Tugriken Shireh[2] Ukhaa Tolgod[3] Zos Wash[3]		A protoceratopsid.
	P. hellenikorhinus	Bayan Mandahu
	Indeterminate	Ukhaa Tolgod[2]		A protoceratopsid.

Saurischians

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon		Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Saurischian dinosaurs reported from the Djadochta Formation
Genus	Species	Location	Material	Notes	Images
Apsaravis[5]	A. ukhaana[5]	Ukhaa Tolgod[6]	"Partial postcranial skeleton."[7]	A basal ornithurine bird only known from this formation.	Byronosaurus hatchlings Citipati and nest Khaan Saurornithoides Velociraptor
Archaeornithoides[5]	A. deinosauriscus[5]	Bayn Dzak[8]	"Partial skull."[9]	A coelurosaur of uncertain relationships
Byronosaurus[5]	B. jaffei[5]	Ukhaa Tolgod[2]	"Skull and fragmentary postcranium, [and a] fragmentary skull."[10]	A troodontid
Citipati[5]	C. osmolskae[5]	Ukhaa Tolgod[2]	"Skeleton with skull, partial postcranium, embryo to adult."[11]	An oviraptorid found brooding its eggs
	Citipati sp.	Zamyn Khondt[2]		An oviraptorid with a distinctive, tall crest
Gobipteryx	G. minuta	Ukhaa Tolgod		An enantiornithine also known from the Barun Goyot Formation
Gobivenator	G. mongoliensis		"Almost complete skeleton." [12]	A troodontid theropod.
Khaan	K. mckennai	Ukhaa Tolgod[2]	"[Three] skeletons with skulls."[11]	An oviraptorid.
Kol	K. ghuva	Ukhaa Tolgod[13]	"A well-preserved right foot"[13]	An alvarezsaurid.
Mahakala	M. omnogovae	Tugriken Shireh[2]		A dromaeosaurid.
Oviraptor[14]	O. philoceratops[14]	Bayan Dzak[2]	"[One] partial skeleton with skull"[15]	An oviraptorid.
?Parvicursor	Indeterminate	Tugriken Shireh[2]		An alvarezsaurid.
Saurornithoides[14]	S. mongoliensis[14]	Bayan Dzak[2]	"Skull with fragmentary postcranial skeleton."[10]	A troodontid.
Shuvuuia[5]	S. deserti[5]	Ukhaa Tolgod[2] Zos Wash[3]	"Skull and postcranial skeleton."[16]	An alvarezsaurid
cf. Tarbosaurus[17]	Indeterminate[17]			A tyrannosaurid, may actually be Zhuchengtyrannus.[17]
Tyrannosauridae indet.	Indeterminate[14]	Bayan Dzak[2] Bayan Mandahu[2][18]		A tyrannosaurid possible referable to Alectrosaurus.
Tsaagan	T. mangas	Ukhaa Tolgod[2]		A dromaeosaurid.
Velociraptor[14]	V. mongoliensis[14]	Bayan Dzak[2] Tugriken Shireh[2] Ukhaa Tolgod		A dromaeosaurid.
cf. Zhuchengtyrannus[17]	Indeterminate[17]			A tyrannosaurid, may actually be Tarbosaurus.[17]
Unnamed dromaeosaurid	Unnamed	Zos wash[3]
Unnamed troodontid	Unnamed, specimen IGM 100/1005	Ukhaa Tolgod[3]
Ornithomimosauria indet.	Unnamed, specimen IGM 100/1245 and IGM 100/987	Uhkaa Tolgod[19]	skull fragments[19]

Eggs

Oogenus	Oospecies	Location	Material	Notes
Styloolithus[20]	S. sabathi	Bayn Dzak[20]		Probably avian
Protoceratopsidovum[21]	P. sincerum P. minimum P. fluxuosum
Elongatoolithus[21]	E. frustrabilis E. Subtitectorius
Spheroolithus[21]	S. maiasauroides S. tenuicorticus
Macroolithus[21]	M. mutabilis
Subtiliolithus[21]	spp.

See also

• Barun Goyot Formation
• List of fossil sites (with link directory)
• Nemegt Formation
• List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations

Footnotes

1. Godefroit, Pascal; Currie, Philip J.; Li, Hong; Shang, Chang Yong; Dong, Zhi-ming (2008). "A new species of Velociraptor (Dinosauria: Dromaeosauridae) from the Upper Cretaceous of northern China". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 28 (2): 432–438. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2008)28[432:ANSOVD]2.0.CO;2.
2. Nicholas R. Longrich, Philip J. Currie, Dong Zhi-Ming (2010). "A new oviraptorid (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Upper Cretaceous of Bayan Mandahu, Inner Mongolia". Palaeontology 53 (5): 945–960. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2010.00968.x.
3. Norell, M.A.; Clark, J.M.; Turner, A.H.; Makovicky, P.J.; Barsbold, R.; Rowe, T. (2006). "A new dromaeosaurid theropod from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia)". American Museum Novitates 3545: 1–51. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2006)3545[1:ANDTFU]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0003-0082.
4. Khishigjav Tsogtbaatar, David Weishampel, David C. Evans, and Mahito Watabe (2014). A new hadrosauroid (Plesiohadros djadokhtaensis) from the Late Cretaceous Djadokhtan fauna of southern Mongolia. [pgs. 108-135] In: David A. Eberth and David C. Evans (eds). Hadrosaurs. Proceedings of the International Hadrosaur Symposium. Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-01385-9.
5. "47.4 Ömnögov', Mongolia; 2. Djadochta Formation." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 596.
6. Clarke, Julia A., Norell, Mark A. (2002). "The morphology and phylogenetic position of Apsaravis ukhaana from the Late Cretaceous of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates, No. 3387, American Museum of Natural History, New York, NY.
7. "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 214.
8. Spelled "Ömnögov'" in "47.4 Ömnögov', Mongolia; 2. Djadochta Formation." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 596.
9. "Table 4.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 76.
10. "Table 9.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 185.
11. "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 167.
12. Tsuihiji, T.; Barsbold, R.; Watabe, M.; Tsogtbaatar, K.; Chinzorig, T.; Fujiyama, Y.; Suzuki, S. (2014). "An exquisitely preserved troodontid theropod with new information on the palatal structure from the Upper Cretaceous of Mongolia". Naturwissenschaften. doi:10.1007/s00114-014-1143-9.
13. Turner, A.H.; Nesbitt, S.J.; Norell, M.A. (2009). "A Large Alvarezsaurid from the Cretaceous of Mongolia". American Museum Novitates 3648: 1–14. doi:10.1206/639.1.
14. "48.11 Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, People's Republic of China; 2. Djadochta Formation." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 598.
15. "Table 8.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 166.
16. "Table 11.1," in Weishampel, et al. (2004). Page 211.
17. Mortimer, M (2004). "Tyrannosauroidea". The Theropod Database. Retrieved 2007-08-21.
18. "Inner Mongolia" is referred to as "Nei Mongol Zizhiqu" in "48.11 Nei Mongol Zizhiqu, People's Republic of China; 2. Djadochta Formation." Weishampel, et al. (2004). Pg. 598.
19. Ksepka, Daniel T.; Norell, Mark A. (2004). "Ornithomimosauria cranial material from Ukhaa Tolgod (Omnogov, Mongolia)". American Museum Novitates 3448: 1–4. doi:10.1206/0003-0082(2004)448<0001:ocmfut>2.0.co;2. ISSN 0003-0082.
20. Varricchio, D.J. and D.E. Barta (2015). "Revisiting Sabath's "Larger Avian Eggs" from the Gobi Cretaceous" Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 60(1):11-25.
21. Mikhailov, K. E. (1995) "Systematic, faunistic and stratigraphic diversity of Cretaceous eggs in Mongolia: comparison with China." Sixth Symposium on Mesozoic Terrestrial Ecosystems and Biota, Beijing. Short Papers... Beijing. pp. 165-168.

References

• Weishampel, David B.; Dodson, Peter; and Osmólska, Halszka (eds.): The Dinosauria, 2nd, Berkeley: University of California Press. 861 pp. ISBN 0-520-24209-2.

Coordinates: 44°08′19″N 103°43′40″E / 44.13861°N 103.72778°E