Do-support

In the grammar of English, the term do-support (or do-insertion) refers to the use of the auxiliary verb do, including its inflected forms does and did, to produce negated clauses and questions, as well as other constructions in which subject–auxiliary inversion is required.

The verb "do" can be used as an auxiliary even in simple declarative sentences, where it usually serves to add emphasis, as in "I did shut the fridge." However in the negated and inverted clauses referred to above, it is used because the rules of English syntax permit these constructions only when an auxiliary is present. Apart from the verb "be", where, for example, "I am not" is used, it is not allowable (in Modern English) to add the negating word not to an ordinary finite lexical verb, as in *I know not – it can only be added to an auxiliary (or copular) verb, hence if there is no other auxiliary present when negation is required, the auxiliary do is used, to produce a form like I do not (don't) know. The same applies in clauses requiring inversion, including most questions – inversion must involve the subject and an auxiliary verb, so it is not possible to say *Know you him?; grammatical rules require Do you know him?

Do-support is not used when there is already an auxiliary or copular verb present; nor is it used with non-finite verb forms (infinitives and participles). It is sometimes used with subjunctive forms. Furthermore the use of do as an auxiliary should be distinguished from the use of do as a normal lexical verb, as in They do their homework.

Common uses

Do-support appears to accommodate a number of varying grammatical constructions, e.g. 1) question formation, 2) the appearance of the negation not, and 3) negative inversion. These constructions often cannot occur without do-support, or the presence of some other auxiliary verb.

In questions

The presence of an auxiliary (or copular) verb allows subject–auxiliary inversion to take place,[1][2] as is required in most interrogative sentences in English. If there is already an auxiliary or copula present, then do-support is not required when forming questions:

  • He will laugh. → Will he laugh? (the auxiliary will inverts with the subject he)
  • She is at home. → Is she at home? (the copula is inverts with the subject she)

This applies not only in yes–no questions, but also in questions formed using interrogative words (wh-questions):

  • When will he laugh?

However, if there is no auxiliary or copula present, inversion requires the introduction of an auxiliary in the form of do-support:

  • I know. → Do I know? (Compare: *Know I?)
  • He laughs. → Does he laugh? (Compare: *Laughs he?)
  • She came home. → Did she come home? (Compare: *Came she home?)

Note that the finite (inflected) verb is now the auxiliary do; the following verb is a bare infinitive which does not inflect. Hence does he laugh? (not laughs); did she come? (not came).

In negated questions, the negating word not may appear either following the subject, or attached to the auxiliary in the contracted form n't. This applies both to do-support and to other auxiliaries:

  • Why are you not playing? / Why aren't you playing?
  • Do you not want to try? / Don't you want to try?

The above principles do not apply to wh-questions where the interrogative word is the subject or part of the subject. In these cases, there is no inversion and hence no need for do-support: Who lives here?, Whose dog bit you?

The verb have, in the sense of possession, is sometimes used without do-support as if it were an auxiliary, although the version with do-support is also correct:

  • Have you any idea what is going on here?
  • Do you have any idea what is going on here?

For elliptical questions and tag questions, see the elliptical sentences section below.

With the negation not

In the same way that the presence of an auxiliary allows question formation, it also allows the appearance of the negating word not.[1][2] In this case too, if no other auxiliary or copular verb is present, do-support is required.[1][2][3][4]

  • He will laugh. → He will not laugh. (not attaches to the auxiliary will)
  • She laughs. → She does not laugh. (not attaches to the added auxiliary does)

In the second sentence, do-support is required because modern English does not allow forms like *She laughs not (although such constructions are frequent in archaic English). The verb have, in the sense of possession, is sometimes negated thus:

  • I haven't the foggiest idea

Most combinations of auxiliary/copula plus not have a contracted form ending in -n't, such as isn't, won't, etc. The relevant contractions for negations formed using do-support are don't, doesn't and didn't. These forms are used very frequently in informal English.

Do-support is required for negated imperatives, even when the verb is the copula be:

  • Do not do that.
  • Don't be silly.

However, there is no do-support with non-finite, as these are negated by a preceding not:

  • It would be a crime not to help him (the infinitive to help is negated)
  • Not knowing what else to do, I stood my ground (the present participle knowing is negated)
  • Not eating vegetables can harm your health (the gerund eating is negated)

With subjunctive verb forms, as a present subjunctive, do is infrequently used for negation, but this is frequently considered ambiguous or incorrect because it resembles the indicative. The usual method to negate the present subjunctive is to precede the verb with a not, especially if the verb is be (as do-support with it, whether it be indicative or subjunctive, is ungrammatical):

  • I suggest that he not receive any more funding (the present subjunctive receive is negated)
  • It is important that he not be there (the present subjunctive be is negated)

As a past subjunctive, however, did is needed for negation (unless the verb is be, whose past subjunctive is were):

  • I wish that he did not know it
  • I wish that he were not here

The negation in these examples is negating the non-finite predicate. Compare the following competing formulations:

  • I did not try to laugh. vs. I tried not to laugh.
  • They do not want to go. vs. They want to not go.

There are two predicates in each of the verb chains in these sentences, e.g. try and laugh in the first example. Do-support is needed when the higher of the two is negated; it is not needed to negate the lower nonfinite predicate.

For negated questions, see the questions section above. For negated elliptical sentences, see the elliptical sentences section below.

In cases of negative inversion

The same principles as for question formation apply to other clauses in which subject–auxiliary inversion is required, particularly after negative expressions and expressions involving only (negative inversion):

  • Never did he run that fast again. (wrong: *Never he did run that fast again. *Never ran he that fast again.)
  • Only here do I feel at home. (wrong: *Only here feel I at home.)

Further uses

In addition to providing do-support in questions and negated clauses as described above, the auxiliary verb do can also be used in clauses that strictly speaking do not require do-support. In such cases, do-support optionally appears for pragmatic reasons. The following subsections describe 1) the use of do-support to express emphasis, and 2) the appearance of do-support to enable VP-ellipsis.

For emphasis

In this case the auxiliary generally appears for purposes of emphasis, for instance to establish a contrast or to express a correction. For example:

  • Did Bill eat his breakfast? Yes, he did eat his breakfast. (auxiliary did emphasizes the positive answer, which may be unexpected)
  • Bill doesn't sing, then. No, he does sing. (auxiliary does emphasizes the correction of the previous statement)

As before, the main verb following the auxiliary becomes a bare infinitive, which is not inflected (one cannot say *did ate or *does sings in the above examples).

As with typical do-support, this usage of do does not occur with other auxiliaries or a copular verb. In these cases, emphasis can be obtained by adding stress to the auxiliary or copular:

  • Would you take the risk? Yes, I would take the risk.
  • Bill isn't singing, then. No, he is singing.

(Some auxiliaries, such as can, change their pronunciation when stressed; see Weak and strong forms in English.)

In negative sentences, emphasis can be obtained by adding stress either to the negating word (if used in full) or to the contracted form ending in n't. This applies whether or not do-support is used:

  • I wouldn't (or would not) take the risk.
  • They don't (or do not) appear on the list.

Emphatic do can also be used with imperatives, including with the copula be:

  • Do take care! Do be careful!

In elliptical sentences

The auxiliary do is also used in various types of elliptical sentences, where the main verb is omitted (it can be said to be "understood", usually because it would be the same verb as was used in a preceding sentence or clause). This includes the following types:

Such uses include cases where do-support would have been used in a complete clause (questions, negatives, inversion), but also cases where (as in the last example) the complete clause would normally have been constructed without do (in this case, I fell asleep too). In such instances do may be said to be acting as a pro-verb, since it effectively takes the place of a verb or verb phrase: in this case did substitutes for fell asleep.

As in the principal cases of do-support, this usage of do does not normally occur when there is already an auxiliary or copula present; here the auxiliary or copula is retained in the elliptical sentence. For example

  • He is playing well, isn't he?
  • I can cook pasta. Can you?
  • You should get some sleep, and I should too.

However it is possible to use do as a pro-verb even after auxiliaries in some dialects:

(However it is not normally used in this way as a to-infinitive: Have you put the shelf up? I plan to, rather than *I plan to do; or as a passive participle: Was it built? Yes, it was, not *Yes, it was done.)

Pro-verbal uses of do are also found in the imperative: Please do. Don't!

Use of do as main verb

Apart from its uses as an auxiliary, the verb do (with its inflected forms does, did, done, doing) can also be used as an ordinary lexical verb (main verb):

  • Do your homework!
  • What are you doing?

In this use, like other non-auxiliary verbs, do cannot be directly negated with not and cannot participate in inversion. Hence it may itself require do-support, with both auxiliary and lexical instances of do appearing together:

  • They didn't do the laundry on Sunday. (did is the auxiliary, do is the main verb)
  • Why do you do karate? (the first do is the auxiliary, the second is the main verb)
  • How do you do? (a set phrase used as a polite greeting)

Meaning contribution

In the various cases seen above where do-support is required, the auxiliary verb do makes no apparent contribution to the meaning of the sentence,[5] so it is sometimes called a dummy auxiliary.[2] Historically, however, in Middle English, auxiliary do apparently did have a meaning contribution, serving as a marker of aspect (probably perfective aspect, although in some cases the meaning may have been imperfective). In Early Modern English this semantic value was lost, and the usage of forms with do began to approximate that which is found today.[6]

See also

Look up conjugation of do in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Kaplan, Jeffrey P. (1989), English Grammar: Principles and Facts, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall
  2. 1 2 3 4 Huddleston, Rodney D.; Geoffrey K. Pullum (2005). A Student's Introduction To English Grammar. Cambridge U Press.
  3. ↑ DeCapua, Andrea (2008). Grammar for Teachers. Springer.
  4. ↑ Heidinger, Virginia (1984). Analyzing Syntax and Semantics. Gallaudet U Press.
  5. ↑ Traugott, Elizabeth Closs; Pratt, Mary Louise (1980), Linguistics for Students of Literature, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich
  6. ↑ I.G. Roberts, Verbs and Diachronic Syntax: A Comparative History of English and French, Springer 1993, p. 282ff.
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the Monday, March 07, 2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.