Coydog

Coydog
Captive coydogs in Wyoming
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Genus: Canis
Species: Canis latrans x Canis lupus familiaris
Binomial name
Canis latrans x Canis lupus familiaris

A coydog is a canid hybrid resulting from a mating between a coyote and a dog. The term is sometimes mistakenly used for coywolves, which are common in northeast North America, whereas true coydogs are only occasionally found in the wild.[1] This is due to the mating cycles of dogs and coyotes not coinciding, and coyotes are usually antagonistic towards dogs, with even captive specimens having shown reluctance to mate with them. Hybridization usually only occurs when coyotes are expanding into areas where conspecifics are few, and dogs are the only alternatives. Even then, pup survival rates are lower than normal, as dogs do not form pair bonds with coyotes, thus making the rearing of pups more difficult.[2] Nevertheless, hybrids of both sexes are fertile, and can be successfully bred through four generations.[3] Such matings have occurred long before the European colonization of the Americas, as melanistic coyotes have been shown to have inherited their black pelts from dogs likely brought to North America through the Bering Land Bridge 12,000 to 14,000 years ago by the ancestors of the America's indigenous people.[4] Coydogs were deliberately bred in Pre-Columbian Mexico, where coyotes were held in high regard. In the city of Teotihuacan, it was common practice to crossbreed coyotes and Mexican gray wolves with dogs in order to breed resistant, loyal but temperamental, and good guardians.[5] Northern Canada's Aboriginal populations were mating coyotes and wolves to their sled dogs in order to produce more resilient animals as late as the early 20th century.[3]

In captivity, F1 hybrids tend to be more mischievous and less manageable as pups than dogs, and are less trustworthy on maturity than wolf–dog hybrids.[3] Hybrids vary in appearance, but generally retain the coyote's adult sable coat color, dark neonatal coat color, bushy tail with an active supracaudal gland, and white facial mask. F1 hybrids tend to be intermediate in form between dogs and coyotes, while F2 hybrids are more varied. Both F1 and F2 hybrids resemble their coyote parents in terms of shyness and intrasexual aggression.[6] Hybrid play behavior includes the coyote "hip-slam".[7] A population of non-albino white coyotes in Newfoundland owe their coloration to a MC1R mutation inherited from golden retrievers.[8]

Captive female coyote mating with a male dog, then nursing the resulting hybrids.

Some 15% of 10,000 coyotes taken annually in Illinois for their fur during the early 1980s may have been coydogs based on cranial measurements. As the coyote population in Illinois at the time was estimated at 20,000-30,000, this would suggest a population of 3,000-4,500 coydogs in the state.[9] Of 379 wild canid skulls taken in Ohio from 1982 to 1988, 10 (2.6%) were found to be coydogs. It was noted that that "The incidence of coydog hybrids was high only in areas of expanding, widely dispersed coyote populations."[10]

See also

References

  1. ↑ Zimmerman, David. "Eastern Coyotes Are Becoming Coywolves". Caledonian-Record. Retrieved 2010-02-01.
  2. ↑ Cartaino, Carol (2011). Myths & Truths about Coyotes: What You Need to Know about America's Most Misunderstood Predator. Readhowyouwant.com. pp. 61-63. ISBN 1458726681
  3. 1 2 3 Young, S. P.; Jackson, H. H. T. (1978). The Clever Coyote. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 121-124. ISBN 0-8032-5893-3.
  4. ↑ Anderson, T. M.; Vonholdt, B. M.; Candille, S. I.; Musiani, M.; Greco, C.; Stahler, D. R.; Smith, D. W.; Padhukasahasram, B.; Randi, E.; Leonard, J. A.; Bustamante, C. D.; Ostrander, E. A.; Tang, H.; Wayne, R. K.; Barsh, G. S. (2009). "Molecular and Evolutionary History of Melanism in North American Gray Wolves". Science 323 (5919): 1339–1343. doi:10.1126/science.1165448. PMC 2903542. PMID 19197024.
  5. ↑ Valadez, R., Rodríguez, B., Manzanilla, L. & Tejeda, S. (2006), Dog-wolf hybrid biotype reconstruction from the archaeological city of Teotihuacan in prehispanic central Mexico, in Dogs and People in Social, Working, Economic or Symbolic Interaction, ed. L. M. Snyder & E. A. Moore, pp. 121-131, Oxford, England: Oxbow Books (Proceedings of the 9th ICAZ Conference, Durham, England, 2002.
  6. ↑ Fox, M. W. (1978). The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior. Garland STPM Press. p. 105. ISBN 0824098587.
  7. ↑ Fox, M. W. (1978). The Dog: Its Domestication and Behavior. Garland STPM Press. p. 136. ISBN 0824098587.
  8. ↑ Zimmer, Carl. "Snow Coyotes and Spirit Bears". National Geographic Magazine.com (Jan. 21, 2013).
  9. ↑ Hoffmeister, Donald F. (2002). Mammals of Illinois. University of Illinois Press. pp. 271-272. ISBN 0252070836
  10. ↑ Weeks, John L., et al. "Coyotes (Canis latrans) in Ohio", Ohio Journal of Science: Volume 90, Issue 5 (December, 1990)
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