Don Bennett

Donald Clifford Tyndall Bennett
Bennett as an Air Vice Marshal
Birth name	Donald Clifford Tyndall Bennett
Nickname(s)	Don
Born	14 September 1910 Toowoomba, Queensland
Died	15 September 1986 (aged 76) Slough, Berkshire[1]
Allegiance	British Empire
Service/branch	Royal Australian Air Force (1930-31, 1935-36)  Royal Air Force (1931-1935, 1941-45)
Years of service	1930–1936 1940–1945
Rank	Air vice-marshal
Commands held	77 Squadron 10 Squadron Pathfinder Force
Battles/wars	World War II
Awards	Companion of the Order of the Bath Commander of the Order of the British Empire Distinguished Service Order Order of Alexander Nevsky
Other work	Director of British South American Airways

Air Vice-Marshal Donald Clifford Tyndall Bennett CB CBE DSO (14 September 1910 – 15 September 1986) was an Australian aviation pioneer and bomber pilot who rose to be the youngest air vice-marshal in the Royal Air Force. He led the "Pathfinder Force" (No. 8 Group RAF) from 1942 to the end of the Second World War in 1945. He has been described as "one of the most brilliant technical airmen of his generation: an outstanding pilot, a superb navigator who was also capable of stripping a wireless set or overhauling an engine".

Early flights

Donald Bennett was born the youngest son of a grazier in Toowoomba, Queensland. He attended Brisbane Grammar School and later joined the Royal Australian Air Force in 1930 ^[2] and transferred to the Royal Air Force a year later,^[3] starting with the flying boats of 20 Squadron. Bennett developed a passion for accurate flying and precise navigation that would never leave him. After a period as an instructor at RAF Calshot, he left the service in 1935 (retaining a reserve commission) to join Imperial Airways. Over the next five years, Bennett specialised in long distance flights, breaking a number of records and pioneering techniques which would later become commonplace, notably air-to-air refuelling. In 1936 he wrote the first edition of his The complete air navigator: covering the syllabus for the flight navigator's licence (Pitman, London) which he updated several times up to the seventh edition in 1967. In July 1938 he piloted the Mercury part of the Short Mayo Composite flying-boat across the Atlantic; this flight earned him the Oswald Watt Gold Medal for that year.

Second World War

During 1940 Bennett's long-distance expertise was set to work setting up the Atlantic Ferry Organization tasked with the wartime delivery of thousands of aircraft manufactured in the United States and Canada to the United Kingdom. At that time, a transatlantic flight was a significant event, but the Atlantic Ferry project proved remarkably successful and demonstrated that with suitable training even inexperienced pilots could safely deliver new aircraft across the North Atlantic.

Bennett was recommissioned in 1941 In the Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve as a squadron leader, his first task was to oversee the formation The Elementary Air Navigation School, Eastbourne, for the initial training of observers (later navigators). However he was promoted to wing commander, and appointed to the command of 77 Squadron, based at RAF Leeming flying Whitleys in 4 Group, Bomber Command, on 7 December 1941.

In April 1942, 77 Squadron was transferred to RAF Coastal Command and Bennett was given command of 10 Squadron (Handley Page Halifax) and shortly afterwards led a raid on the German battleship Tirpitz. Shot down during that raid, he evaded capture and escaped to Sweden, from where he was able to return to Britain; he and his copilot were awarded the Distinguished Service Order (DSO) on 16 June 1942.^[4]

Pathfinder Force

In July 1942, Bennett was appointed to command the new Pathfinder Force, an elite unit tasked with improving RAF Bomber Command's navigation. At this stage of the war, Bomber Command had begun to make night-time raids deep into Germany, but had not yet been able to cause significant damage, largely because only about a quarter of the bomb loads were delivered "on target" — and this at a time when "on target" was defined as within three miles of the aim point.

Pathfinder Force was set up to lead the bomber stream to the target areas and drop markers for the remainder of the force to aim at. Later in the war, the Pathfinder Force would be equipped with a range of newly developed and often highly effective electronic aids, but the initial object was to simply take experienced crews with standard equipment and hone their navigation skills.

Having already demonstrated that he could pass on his meticulous navigational ability to others, Bennett was an obvious choice for the role, yet nevertheless a surprising one. The Air Ministry's Directorate of Bomber Operations had for some time been pushing to establish an elite precision bombing force, but Bomber Command AOC-in-C Air Chief Marshal Arthur Harris was implacably opposed to the idea, on the grounds that an elite force would "lower the morale" of the other squadrons.

When Harris learned that Vice-Chief of the Air Staff Sir Wilfrid Freeman planned to order the change, and that the strong-willed Basil Embry would probably be given command of the new force, Harris bowed to the inevitable, but was given a "more or less free hand" in selection of the force commander and he chose to appoint Wing Commander Don Bennett without considering other candidates. Harris described Bennett as "the most efficient airman I have ever met".^[5] Bennett was called to Bomber Command HQ when he was on the point of leaving with his squadron for the Middle East. There he was informed by Harris that he was to lead a special force to make use of the new bombing and navigational aids then available and the more sophisticated ones that would follow. With effect of the 5 July he was promoted to group captain.^[6]

In 1943 Bennett was promoted with the upgrading of PFF to group status to air commodore. and then in December to acting air vice marshal ^[7] — the youngest officer to ever hold that rank - giving him a rank similar to those of the other commanders of groups. He remained in command of the Pathfinder Force until the end of the war, overseeing its growth to an eventual 19 squadrons, a training flight and a meteorological flight, working relentlessly to improve its standards, and tirelessly campaigning for better equipment, in particular for more Mosquitos and Lancasters to replace the diverse assortment of often obsolete aircraft the force started with.

Bennett was not a popular leader: a personally difficult and naturally aloof man, he earned a great deal of respect from his crews but little affection. As Harris wrote, "he could not suffer fools gladly, and by his own high standards there were many fools". Nor did Bennett get on well with the other RAF group commanders: not only was he 20 years younger, he was an Australian. Indeed, Bennett saw his own appointment in those terms: it was, he believed, a victory for the "players" over the "gentlemen". There was antagonism between Bennett and Air Vice Marshal Ralph Cochrane of No. 5 Group. In 5 Group's 617 Squadron, Cochrane had his own specialist squadron pursuing high levels of accuracy.^[8]

After the war

Despite the unquestioned achievements of No. 8 Group, at the end of the war Bennett was the only bomber group commander not to be knighted. He resigned his commission in the RAF.^[9] and returned to private life to pursue a variety of activities. He became a Director of British South American Airways, and designed and built both cars (Fairthorpes) and light aircraft.

One of his darkest hours after the war came on 12 March 1950, when an aircraft operated on charter by his airline 'Fairflight' crashed at Llandow in Wales.

Bennett became one of the shortest-serving Members of Parliament (MPs) of the 20th century when he was elected at a by-election in 1945 ^[10] as Liberal MP for Middlesbrough West. He was defeated soon afterwards in the 1945 general election — his parliamentary career having lasted all of 73 days. He had previously attempted to be selected as a Conservative candidate for Macclesfield in February 1944. One of his fellow candidates was Guy Gibson; Gibson was selected instead.^[11] Attempts to return to the House of Commons for Croydon North at a by-election in 1948 and in Norwich North at the 1950 general election were unsuccessful. A later attempt at the 1967 Nuneaton by-election, standing for the obscure National Party, resulted in his losing his deposit. He continued his support for far-right fringe parties during the 1970s as a patron of the National Independence Party.^[12]

In 1958 an autobiography entitled Pathfinder detailing his experiences throughout the war was published by Frederick Muller Ltd.

Don Bennett died at the age of 76 on Battle of Britain Day: 15 September 1986.

Honours and awards

• Distinguished Service Order - 16 June 1942
• Commander of the Order of the British Empire - 2 June 1943^[13]
• Order of Alexander Nevsky - 11 April 1944 by USSR^[14]
• Companion of the Order of the Bath - 8 June 1944^[14]
• King's Commendation for Valuable Service in the Air - 2 January 1950

See also

• List of United Kingdom MPs with the shortest service

References

Notes

1. https://www.munzinger.de/search/portrait/Donald+C+T+Bennett/0/8625.html
2. https://www.awm.gov.au/people/P10676768/
3. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33751/page/5831
4. London Gazette 12 June 1942 Issue number: 35597 page 2649
5. Maynard p83
6. Maynard p84
7. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36323/supplement/211
8. Ralph Cochrane Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
9. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37146/supplement/3318
10. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/37085/page/2575
11. Morris 1994, p. 236
12. Martin Walker, The National Front, Glasgow: Fontana Collins, 1977, p. 135
13. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36033/supplement/2431
14. https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/36544/supplement/2568

Bibliography

• Air of Authority - A History of RAF Organisation - AVM Bennett
• D.C.T. Bennett, Pathfinder; a war autobiography, London, Muller, 1958 (re-imp. Goodall paperback, 1988, ISBN 0-907579-57-4)
• Fly With the Stars, A History of British South American Airways, 2007, ISBN 978-0-7509-4448-9
• Bramson, Alan, Master Airman; a biography of Air Vice-Marshal Donald Bennett, CB., CBE., DSO., Airlife, 1985, ISBN 0-906393-45-0
• Maynard, John Bennett and the Pathfinders Arms and Armour London 1996 ISBN 1-85409-258-8

External links

• The Pathfinder, BBC Radio 4, 27 April 2012
• Imperial War Museum Interview from 1986