Donji Kraji

Historical area of Donji Kraji

Donji Kraji ("Lower Regions" or "Lower Ends"), or Olfeld (In Hungarian) was a small medieval region in present-day northwestern Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Name and geography

At first, the Donji Kraji referred to a region around Ključ on the Sana.[1] From the 13th century onwards, the region was more often called Donji Kraji Slavonije than Donji kraji Bosne or Donji kraji Bosanski.[1] The territory of Donji Kraji in the 13th[2] century included the parishes: Uskoplje, Pliva, Luka, Vrbas, Zemljanik (Resnik), Vrbanja, Tribava (Trijebovo), Mel, Lušci, and Banjica. During the reign of Hrvoje, Donji Kraji merged with Sana, Glaž, Vrbas (which has since been lost), and briefly Dubica.[2]

History

Early history

In a bull (decree) by King Bela IV of Hungary dated 20 July 1244, some properties were assigned (giving the right of tithe collection) to the Bishop of Bosnia: Usora, Soli, and Olfeld (quod episeopus (Bosniensis) et capitulum decimas in Vozora, in Sou, in Olfeld et in aliis supis ... habeant et percipient). This took place during the term of Bosnian Ban Matej Ninoslav (r. 1232-50). Vjekoslav Klaić placed the territory of Olfeld west of Usora, based on the 1244 document and citing Konstantin Josef Jireček who described it to be in the northwest (of medieval Bosnia), towards Croatia, encompassing Kotor on the Vrbanja, Jajce and Ključ on the Sana.[3]

Hrvatin Stjepanić was mentioned as the knez of Donji Kraji (partes inferiores) in 1299.[4]

14th century

Donji Kraji, which corresponded to Olfeld, was mentioned in a charter of Stephen II, Ban of Bosnia dated 1332, and was one of the named lands claimed by all later Kings of Bosnia, as well as Hrvoje Vukčić.[3]

Medieval Bosnian State Expansion

The Bosnian-Croatian border in Donji Kraji remained the same during the time of the Ban Kulin at the beginning of the 13th century. Based on contextual sources, it is possible to assume that Ban Kulin previously ruled the Donji Kraji, as one of four countries reporting to the Bosnian. In 1406 the Croatian-Bosnian border ran from Grmeč mountain southeast to Skoplje on the Vrbas (today's Lower and Upper Vakuf), from the middle course of the Vrbas (east) to Una (west). That area included several parishes: Pliva, Zemljička, Vrbanjska and Mrenska, ruled by the Trpimirović, with whose time some authors bind the name Donji Kraji (Lower Ends).[5][6]

Ban Matej Ninoslav was inherited after ban Prijezda and which recognized the supremacy of the Bela IV. Bela then, the charter from 1287, in Bosnia formed banians Soli and Usora. Prijezda teaches entire parish Resnik his son in law, son Slavonian ban Stjepan Babonić and end 13th century, parts of Donji Kraji of entering the properties Babonić.

After the collapse of Bribirski (Šubić), Bosnia became stronger and eventually grew into the most powerful state in the Balkans. Ban Stjepan II (r. 1320–53) annexed Hum, the territory of the Neretva to the Cetina, which became part of Bosnia, and is now included in Bosnia proper, Donji Kraj, Usora, and Soli. Donji Kraji included the parish of Banica (around Ključ on Sana), Zemljanik (Resnik), Vrbanja (the eponymous river basin), and later Glaž (at the turn of the parish Usora and Soli). In the Donji Kraji parts of the city of Kotor, over the Jajce to Glamoč, there was a powerful family, the Hrvatinić. The founder of this noble family, Prince Hrvatin Stjepanić acknowledged Croatian Ban Paul Šubić, consolidating his rule in Bosnia and extending his family's influence on the area of Donji Kraji, with the title of "Prince of the Donji Kraji of Bosnia". His sons Vukoslav, Pavle, and Vukac became their leaders, and the ban of Bosnia acknowledged Stjepan II Kotromanić, which allowed them to extend their administration to the parish of Zemljanik and Vrbanja. The most powerful figure being Hrvoje, who became the "Grand Duke of Bosnia" and "Duke of Split". In the mid-14th century, Hrvatinić's power was weakened and Donji Kraji lost the status of the administrative unit in the Banate of Bosnia. The "Prince" title and the status of Donji Kraji were restored after the coronation of King Kotromanić, during which Vukac Hrvatinić was succeeded by his son Hrvoje.

15th century

Even before 1386, it is possible to see the effects of the Ottomans in medieval Bosnia, after numerous raids that were of varying intensity and significance, but events during the middle of the second decade of the 15th century marked the beginning of their active engagement. Because of its interest, the Ottoman Empire supported the Bosnian nobility, led by Tvrtko II. After the Lašvanian battle on Lašva river (in 1415), the Ottomans, together with Hungary became the most powerful factor in the history of the Bosnian state. Living between these two forces, the Bosnian rulers long resisted pressures from both sides. Despite the Ottoman success in the aforementioned battle, Company II. and his supporters, however, failed to thwart the event in 1415. The bulk of the burden in this conflict is carried by Prince Pavle Radinović, who supported the company II. Pavle was killed, and the company II managed to hold off for a while. After the death of Stephen Ostoja, Bosnia government his son Stjepan Ostojić. Tvrtko II, finally re-took the Bosnian throne in 1420. Shortly after becoming king, Tvrtko II and Hungary became allies, because he needed help against the Bosnian rebels made up of noble men and Radivoje Ostojić, son of the former King Ostoja. Tvrtko II and Radivoje, with Ottoman support, mastered most of Bosnia from 1433 to 1435. The company remained in power until his death in 1443, and his reign was marked by the further development of the cities and the strengthening of the impact of the Bosnian Franciscans.

Hrvoje Vukčić Hrvatinić was one of the most powerful Bosnian nobleman of his time. When Hungarian king Louis I of Hungary died, he joined the dynastic conflicts, helping Ladislas of Naples to become king. He was awarded administration of large territories and the title of Herceg Split Viceroy of Dalmatia and Croatia, the Great Ban of Vrbas Banate and Duke of Donji Kraji. Another pretender to the throne of Hungary, Sigismund of Luxembourg suppressed Ladislas of Naples and dominated the whole of Hungary, which significantly weakened Hrvoje influence. What has come into conflict with Sandalj Hranić Kosača, which is supported Sigismund, entered in connection with the Ottomans and invited them to help, 1415. Hrvoje died in 1416, after which his possessions disintegrated rapidly, with the bulk of the Donji Kraji going to his cousin Juraj Vojsalić.

Aftermath

After the fall of the Kingdom of Bosnia under the rule of the Ottomans, the Hungarian King Matthias Corvinus occupied North Bosnia in late 1464, including the Lower Ends, where he formed the Jajce Region held until 1527, and according to some sources up to 1528. In this period Bannate covered the entire area of the Lower Ends, except the parish of Uskoplje, which then was under Ottoman rule. After the fall of the Jajce Banate, the lower end became part of the Sanjak of Bosnia.

"Bosanska Krajina" is first mentioned in 1594.[1]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 Dragomir Vukičić; Nevenka Gošić (1985). Collection of papers and materials of the fifth Yugoslav onomastic conference. Akademija nauka i umjetnosti Bosne i Hercegovine. p. 75.
  2. 1 2 Mrgić-Radojčić 2002: 156-263..
  3. 1 2 Vjekoslav Klaić (March 1880). "Topografske sitnice (I)". Journal of the Zagreb Archaeological Museum (in Croatian) (Archaeological Museum, Zagreb) 2 (1): 68–69. ISSN 0350-7165. Retrieved 2012-09-02.
  4. ↑ Vjekoslav Klaić (1899). Povjest Hrvata: od najstarijih vremena do svršetka xix. stoljeća. Tisak i naklada knjižare L. Hartmana. p. 277.
  5. ↑ Mrgić-Radojčić 2002, pp: 156-263.
  6. ↑ Enciklopedija Jugoslavije, Ed. (1983): Socijalistička Republika Bosna i Hercegovina – Separat iz II izdanja Enciklopedije Jugoslavije. Jugoslavenski leksikografski zavod/Separate from the Second Edition of the Encyclopedia of Yugoslavia, pp: 76-86. Leksikografski zavod, Zagreb.

Sources

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