Double Pyramid

Double Pyramid / Lepsius XXV

Remains of the eastern tomb
Ancient name The Two are Watchful.
Constructed 5th Dynasty ?
Type Double pyramid ?
Material limestone
Height 6 m (current)
Base 1: 27,70 m × 21,53 m
2: 21,70 m × 15,70 m
Slope 78°

The Double Pyramid or Lepsius XXV Pyramid is a unique grave monument loated in Abusir, which has characteristics of both a pyramid and a mastaba. It was dubbed a "double pyramid" by Miroslav Verner.

The heavily damaged structure is located in the pyramid field of Abusir, south of the Lepsius XXIV and the Pyramid of Khentkaus II.

Exploration

Location of Lepsius XXV in the necropolis of Abusir

On his Egyptian expedition (1842-845), the German archaeologist Karl Richard Lepsius located a small pyramid structure and included it in his list of pyramids as number XXV (25). Ludwig Borchardt classified it as a double mastaba in his research sixty years later, but he did not examine it any more closely.

Since for a long time no intensive research was conducted, the structure was believed to be the pyramid of a queen of the 5th dynasty, similar to Lepsius XXIV directly to the north, although preliminary investigations appeared to indicate that the funerary temple was located, unusually, on the western side of the structure.[1]

A Czech archaeological team lead by Miroslav Verner conducted the first intensive excavation between 2001 and 2004, in which the unusual character of the structure as a "Double pyramid" became clear. Both sections of the structure have a slightly rectangular base plan, oriented in a north-south direction with extremely steep sides, which make it impossible that the structure was ever a true pyramid. In the masonry, a relatively large number of building inscriptions and marks were found. These included the name of the structure, which can be translated as "the two [pyramids] are watchful."[2]

Dušan Magdolen questioned the classification of the building as a double pyramid and stressed the typological similarity of the remains to a mastaba.[3]

Eastern tomb (Lepsius XXV/1)

Superstructure

The larger of the two tombs has a base measurement of 27.7 m x 21.53 m and is made of large blocks of white limestone. The outer walls, only roughly worked, had an incline of 78°, which indicates that the structure either took the form of a mastaba or a pyramid base, rather than a true pyramid. The height cannot be determined.[2]

Substructure

The entranceway to the tomb chamber is a descending passage from the middle of the north side of the structure. The chamber itself measures 4.5 m x 2.7 m and ia on a north-south orientation. The sarcophagus is located in a niche on the west side of the chamber. Although the chamber itself has been thoroughly stripped by grave robbers, remains of the burial could be found. In addition to parts of a woman's remains, fragments of her limestone canopic jars and grave goods were found in the rubble of the chamber.[2]

West tomb (Lepsius XXV/2)

Superstructure

The smaller, west tomb's base measures 21.7 x 15.7 m and also has an incline of 78°. Thus, this portion appears also to have been a mastaba or truncated pyramid-like structure. Unlike the eastern tomb, the western one is made of roughly hewn grey limestone. It has experienced heavy spoliation, so that only a few layers remain today. The tomb probably did not ever have a cladding of fine white limestone. The stratification of the surviving masonry indicates that the west tomb was built after the eastern one.[2]

Substructure

The underground structure of the western tomb has been thoroughly destroyed. Only the upper part of the descending passage, which was also on the north side, and the foundations of the tomb chamber survive now. This arrangement is typical for pyramids of this period. In the ruins of the tomb chamber, a very few traces of the burial of a woman were found, as well as a single object of the grave goods.[2]

Tomb complex

The excavations were able to show that there was no mortuary temple in the complex. The area that had erroneously been identified as a mortuary temple, turned out to be further remnants of the western tomb. However, there was an offering chapel on the east side of the eastern tomb. This chapel hd an entrance on the southeastern corner which led through a vestibule to a single room. Part of the roof of the vestibule remains intact, so the height of the rooms of the chapel is known to have been about 5 metres. The chapel was originally clad with fine, white limeston, which was probably undecorated. This material has been almost entirely quarried away, but traces remain in the ground, from which the structure of the chapel could be reconstructed. In the ruins of the chapel, papyrus fragments of a list of offerings and an alabaster fragment of a female statue were found.[2]

Context

Since no inscriptions have been found with the name of the owner of the pyramid, the unusual structure cannot yet be exactly dated, despite the intensive excavations which have now taken place. The suggestion that it was built during the reign of Niuserre is based on its location at Abusir, which was abandoned as a royal necropolis after Niuserre's death. Probably it was built for family members of the Pharaoh. The double nature of the tombs might indicate a particular closeness of the individuals buried in them.[2]

References

  1. ↑ Miroslav Verner. Die Pyramiden. pp. 355 ff.: Die Pyramide «Lepsius Nr. XXIV».
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Miroslav Verner: Archive copy at the Wayback Machine
  3. ↑ Dušan Magdolen. "Lepsius No. XXV: a problem of typology." Asian and African Studies. 2008, Vol. 17, No. 2, pp. 205–223.

Bibliography

External links

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