Monito del monte

Monito del monte[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Infraclass: Marsupialia
Superorder: Australidelphia
Order: Microbiotheria
Family: Microbiotheriidae
Genus: Dromiciops
Thomas, 1894
Species: D. gliroides
Binomial name
Dromiciops gliroides
Thomas, 1894
Map of Dromiciops gliroides distribution
Synonyms

Dromiciops australis

The monito del monte (Spanish for "little bush monkey") or colocolo opossum,[3] Dromiciops gliroides, also called chumaihuén in Mapudungun, is a diminutive marsupial native only to southwestern South America (Chile and Argentina). It is the only extant species in the ancient order Microbiotheria, and the sole New World representative of the superorder Australidelphia (all other New World marsupials are members of Ameridelphia). The species is nocturnal and arboreal, and lives in thickets of South American mountain bamboo in the Valdivian temperate rain forests of the southern Andes,[2] aided by its partially prehensile tail.[4] It eats primarily insects and other small invertebrates, supplemented with fruit.[4]

Phylogeny and biogeography

South American marsupials have long been suspected to be ancestral to those of Australia, consistent with the fact that the two continents were connected via Antarctica in the early Cenozoic. Australia’s earliest known marsupial is Djarthia, a primitive mouse-like animal that lived about 55 million years ago (mya). Djarthia had been identified as the earliest known australidelphian, and this research suggested that the monito del monte was the last of a clade that included Djarthia.[5] This relationship implies that the ancestors of the monito del monte might have reached South America by back-migration from Australia. The time of divergence between the monito del monte and Australian marsupials was estimated to have been 46 mya.[4] However, in 2010, analysis of retrotransposon insertion sites in the nuclear DNA of a variety of marsupials, while confirming the placement of the monito del monte in Australidelphia, showed that its lineage is the most basal of that superorder. The study also confirmed that the most basal of all marsupial orders are the other two South American lineages (Didelphimorphia and Paucituberculata, with the former probably branching first). This conclusion indicates that Australidelphia arose in South America (along with the ancestors of all other living marsupials), and probably reached Australia in a single dispersal event after Microbiotheria split off.[6][7][8]

Habitat

Monitos del monte live in the dense, humid forests of highland Chile and Argentina,[9][10][11]mainly in trees, where they construct spherical nests of water resistant colihue leaves. These leaves are then lined with moss or grass, and placed in well-protected areas of the tree, such as underbrush, tree cavities, or fallen timber.[12] The nests are sometimes covered with grey moss as a form of camouflage. These nests provide the monito del monte with some protection from the cold, both when it is active and when it hibernates.

Morphology

Monitos del monte are small marsupials that look like mice. Dromiciops have the same dental formula as Didelphids: 5.1.3.44.1.3.4, a total of 50 teeth.[12] Their size ranges from 16–42 g (0.56–1.48 oz). They have short and dense fur that is primarily brown-gray with patches of white at their shoulders and back, and their underside is more of a cream or light gray color. Monitos del monte also have distinct black rings around their eyes. Their small furred ears are well-rounded and their rostrums are short. The head to body length is around 8–13 cm (3.1–5.1 in), and their tail length is between 9 and 13 cm (3.5 and 5.1 in). Their tails are somewhat prehensile and mostly furred with the exception of 25–30 mm (0.98–1.18 in) of the underside.[13] The naked underside of their tails may contribute to increasing friction when the mammal is on a tree. The base of their tails also functions as a fat storage organ which they use during winter hibernation.[14] In a week, monitos del monte can store enough fat to double their body size.[12]

Sexual dimorphism

At the end of the summer, female Monitos del monte tend to be larger and heavier than males. The tails of the sexes also vary in size during this time; females have a thicker tail, which is where they store fat; the difference suggests that females need more energy than males during hibernation. The sexual dimorphism is only seen during this time and not year-round.[13]

Reproduction

Monitos del monte have a monogamous mating system. The females have well-formed, fur-lined marsupium containing four mammae. They normally reproduce in the spring once a year and can have a litter size varying from one to five. They can feed a maximum of four offspring, so if there are five young, one will not survive.[13] When the young are mature enough to leave the pouch, approximately 5 months, they are nursed in a distinctive nest. They are then carried on the mother’s back. The young remain in association with the mother after weaning. Males and females both reach sexual maturity after 2 years.[1][15][16][17]

Habits

The Monito del monte is adapted to arboreal life; its tail and paws are prehensile. It is largely nocturnal and, depending on the ambient and internal temperature, and on the availability of food, it spends much of the day in a state of torpor. Such behaviour enables it to survive periods of extreme weather and food shortage, conserving energy instead foraging to no effect.

The animal covers its nest with moss for concealment, and for insulation and protection from bad weather.[13][18]

Diet

Monitos del monte are primarily insectivores. They eat insects and other invertebrates they find on the branches of trees and cracks in bark, but during the summer they eat large quantities of fruit, specially mistletoe fruit.[13]

Seed-dispersing role

A study performed in the temperate forests of southern Argentina showed a mutualistic seed dispersal relationship between D. gliroides and Tristerix corymbosus, also known as the Loranthacous mistletoe. The monito del monte is the sole dispersal agent for this plant, and without it the plant would likely become extinct. The monito del monte eats the fruit of T. corymbosus, and germination takes place in the gut. Scientists speculate that the coevolution of these two species could have begun 60–70 million years ago.[19][20]

Conservation

For the past few years the number of Dromiciops, has declined, and the species is now classified as 'near threatened'. Many factors contribute to the decline:

  • its already limited habitat is constantly faced with deforestation and fragmentation;
  • The introduction of the domestic cat, Felis catus, is correlated with decrease in numbers of Dromiciops
  • the creature is considered bad luck by natives – houses have been burned down after monitos del monte were seen inside;
  • other people believe this marsupial is venomous or causes disease, but in reality they do not affect humans negatively.[12][13]

The monito del monte is not the only organism which will be affected if it becomes endangered. Dromiciops illustrate parasite-host specificity with the tick, Ixodes neuquenensis. This tick can only be found on the monito del monte, so it depends on the survival of this nearly endangered mammal.[12][21] T. corymbosus also depends on the survival of this species, because without the seed dispersal agency of monito del monte, it would not be able to reproduce.

Little conservation effort is being undertaken at the moment, but there are ecological studies being conducted in the Chiloé Island that might help future conservation efforts. Dromiciops has been found in the Los Ruiles National Reserve and the Valdivian Coastal Reserve, which are protected areas in Chile.[18]

References

  1. 1 2 Gardner 2005.
  2. 1 2 Diaz & Teta 2008.
  3. ↑ Martinez, D. R. (1993). "Food habits of the rufous-legged owl (Strix rufipes) in temperate rainforests of southern Chile". Journal of Raptor Research 27 (4): 214–216: 214. The colocolo opossum (Dromiciops australis) was better represented during spring and summer than during autumn and winter
  4. 1 2 3 Edge 2006.
  5. ↑ Beck et al. 2008.
  6. ↑ Schiewe 2010.
  7. ↑ Inman 2010.
  8. ↑ Nilsson et al. 2010.
  9. ↑ Mcdonald 1995.
  10. ↑ Nowak & Dickman 2005.
  11. ↑ Lord 2007.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Feldhamer 2007.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Chick 2013.
  14. ↑ Chester 2008.
  15. ↑ Spotorno et al. 1997.
  16. ↑ Brugni & Flores 2007.
  17. ↑ Lidicker & Ghiselin 1996.
  18. 1 2 "Monito del Monte". Widescreen Arkive. Retrieved 9 December 2014.
  19. ↑ Garcia, Rodríguez-Cabal & Amico 2009.
  20. ↑ Amico, Rodriguez-Cabal & Aizen 2009.
  21. ↑ Guglielmone et al. 2004.

Sources

  • Amico, G. C.; Rodriguez-Cabal, M. A.; Aizen, M. A. (2009). "The potential key seed-dispersing role of the arboreal marsupial Dromiciops gliroides". Acta Oecologica (Elsevier) 35 (1): 8–13. doi:10.1016/j.actao.2008.07.003. 
  • Chester, S. (2008). A wildlife guide to Chile : continental Chile, Chilean Antarctica, Easter Island, Juan Fernandez Archipelago (1 ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 292. ISBN 978-0691129761. 
  • Chick, J. (2013). "Dromiciops gliroides". Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan. Retrieved 8 March 2015. 
  • Feldhamer, G. A. (2007). Mammalogy : adaptation, diversity, ecology (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0801886959. 
  • Guglielmone, A. A.; Venzal, J. M.; Amico, G.; Mangold, A. J.; Keirans, J. E. (2004). "Description of the nymph and larva and redescription of the female of Ixodes neuquenensis Ringuelet, 1947 (Acari: Ixodidae), a parasite of the endangered Neotropical marsupial Dromiciops gliroides Thomas (Microbiotheria: Microbiotheriidae)". Systematic Parasitology 57 (3): 211–9. doi:10.1023/B:SYPA.0000019082.96187.9c. PMID 15010595. 
  • Lidicker, W. Z.; Ghiselin, M. T. (1996). Biology. Menlo Park, California: The Benjamin/Cummings Publishing Company. 
  • Lord, R. D. (2007). Mammals of South America. Johns Hopkins University Press. 
  • Macdonald, D., ed. (1995). Encyclopedia of mammals (2nd ed.). Andromeda Oxford. ISBN 978-1871869620. 
  • Nowak, R. M.; Dickman, C. R. (2005). Walker's Marsupials of the World. Johns Hopkins University Press. 
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