duPont Manual High School

duPont Manual High School

A view of the north side of duPont Manual's main building.
Address
120 West Lee St
Louisville, Kentucky 40208
United States
Coordinates 38°13′19″N 85°45′29″W / 38.22194°N 85.75806°W / 38.22194; -85.75806Coordinates: 38°13′19″N 85°45′29″W / 38.22194°N 85.75806°W / 38.22194; -85.75806
Information
School type Public Secondary Magnet
Established 1892
School district Jefferson County Public Schools
Principal Jerry Mayes
Grades 9–12
Enrollment 1,875[1] (2013-14)
Student to teacher ratio 21:1
Campus size 17 acres (6.9 ha)
Campus type Urban
Color(s) Crimson and white          
Team name Crimsons/Rams
Rival Louisville Male High School
Newspaper The Crimson Record
Information (502) 485-8241
Website http://www.dupontmanual.com

duPont Manual High School is a public magnet high school located in the Old Louisville neighborhood of Louisville, Kentucky, USA and serving students in grades 9–12. It is a part of the Jefferson County Public School District. DuPont Manual is recognized by the United States Department of Education as a Blue Ribbon School.

Manual opened in 1892 as an all-male manual training school. It was the second public high school in Louisville. Manual merged with its rival, Male High School, into a consolidated school from 1915 to 1919. Manual permanently merged with the Louisville Girls High School in 1950 and moved into their Gothic-style three-story building, built in 1934. In 2004, after conducting a poll, Louisville's Courier-Journal newspaper listed Manual as one of Louisville residents' ten favorite buildings.[2] As a coeducational school, Manual experienced a decline in discipline and test scores in the 1970s. In 1984, Manual became a magnet school, allowing students from throughout the district to apply to five specialized programs of study, or magnets.

Manual and Male High School have the oldest football rivalry in the state, dating back to 1893. Manual's football team has won five state titles and claims two national championships. In the 1980s and 1990s Manual became a prominent academic school and has been included several times in lists of America's top high schools in Redbook and Newsweek magazines.

History

duPont Manual Training High School

In 1892, Louisville factory owner Alfred Victor du Pont donated $150,000 to the board of Louisville Public Schools to establish a training school to teach young men industrial arts ("manual") skills that would fit them for their duties in life. The Victorian building was built on the corner of Brook and Oak Streets by the firm of Clark and Loomis, which also designed the Speed Art Museum and Waverly Hills Sanatorium. After Manual moved out of the building it was used as a Middle School until 1974 when it was converted to apartments.[3] Manual's first principal, Henry Kleinschmid, was a favorite of du Pont but was unpopular with the school board, which conspired to replace him in 1895. Despite a summer of controversy and protest from the du Pont family, Manual's first two graduating classes and the four major local newspapers, the board replaced him with Harry Brownell on July 2.[4]

The original school building in 2009, after conversion to apartments

Manual was initially a three-year school with some general academic classes and an emphasis on mechanical and industrial training. Although graduates recall the school being viewed as blue-collar and academically inferior to Male High School in its early days, numerous early graduates went on to become medical doctors, and students published a literary magazine called The Crimson from 1899 to 1955.[4] In order to accommodate newly added French and Latin classes, Manual was expanded to a four-year school in 1901. In 1911, Manual became the first school in Kentucky to serve lunches to students.[5]

In 1913, Louisville Public Schools announced a plan to merge Manual and its rival Male High School into Louisville Boys High so that the two schools could share a new $300,000 facility. The plan took effect in 1915. Industrial training classes continued at the old Manual building. Parents objected to their children having to travel between the two buildings and the consolidation did not save the school board any money, so they voted to end the experiment in 1919. The new building became Male's home for the next 70 years and Manual returned to its old building at Brook and Oak.[4][6] In 1923 an expansion added new laboratories, a cafeteria, and the largest gym ever built in Louisville at the time. The addition eventually burned and had to be destroyed in 1991.[7]

Manual's enrollment numbers, which had hovered around 400 since the 1890s, soared from 429 in 1919 to 1,039 in 1925. The Manual Crimsons football team, which had also been consolidated with Male's from 1915 to 1918, had great success in the 1920s, beating Male two years in a row for the first time in its history. Manual shared athletic facilities with Male for many years, but in the early 1920s alumni raised funds to construct Manual Stadium. The stadium opened in 1924 with 14,021 permanent seats. It was one of the largest high school stadiums in America at the time. The original structure was condemned and closed in 1952 after years of heavy use and minimal upkeep, and was reopened after being rebuilt in 1954.[8] Its modern capacity is 11,463.[9]

Historic marker for Louisville Girls High School

Louisville Girls High School

The Louisville Girls High School opened as Female High School in 1856 at what became the intersection of Armory Place and Muhammad Ali Boulevard. It was the female counterpart to Male High School, also opened in 1856, and they were the first two public high schools in Louisville. Female High School moved to a location on First Street north of Chestnut in 1864 and remained there until 1899 when it moved to a location at Fifth and Hill Streets. It changed its name to Louisville Girls High School in 1911.[10]

In 1934, the school moved into Reuben Post Halleck Hall, which had just been completed. The building was initially home to the Girls High School on the second and third floors, and Louisville Junior High School on the first.[4][11] Over 12,000 women graduated from the school in its 94 years of operation.[10]

Merger

By the 1940s, budget concerns and national trends made it clear that Louisville Girls High School and duPont Manual would merge into one coeducational school. They finally did so in September 1950 and remained in the old Louisville Girls High School building. This fusion of institutions resulted in the birth of the modern duPont Manual High School - dropping 'Training' from its previous name. The same school building remains in use today, although two major additions have since been made.[12] The middle school located on the building's first floor became Manly Junior High and moved to Manual's old building at Brook and Oak.[11]

The merged school began developing traditions such as Homecoming in 1951, and Red and White Day in 1953. Red and White Day eventually became a full week of school spirit related activities preceding the annual Male-Manual football game. Two traditions of the sexually segregated past, sororities and the all-male Mitre Club, persisted into the 1950s as unofficial organizations but gradually faded away. Students began publishing a newspaper, The Crimson Record, in 1955.[13]

Following the Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision, Manual became racially integrated without controversy and graduated its first two black students in 1958.[14] Starting in the 1960s, Manual began to face problems associated with inner city schools in the United States as economically advantaged families moved towards Louisville's suburbs. Manual was exempt from court-ordered busing in the 1970s because its racial makeup already met federal guidelines.[15]

On November 11, 1976, what school board members referred to as a race-related riot occurred on campus, injuring 16 and leading to six arrests and 60 suspensions.[15] Students and school administrators agreed that there was an atmosphere of racial tension brewing at Manual in the 1970s that lead to the riot.[16] In his 2005 book on the history of Manual, Mike McDaniel wrote that November 11, 1976 was "quite probably the worst day in the history of Manual."[17]

The late 1960s and 1970s were a time of major change at Manual. A new wing featuring a gym with a seating capacity of 2,566 opened in 1971.[9][18] The school had as many as 3,360 students in the 1971–72 school year, necessitating 17 portable classrooms in the front and rear courtyards. Manual still had grades seven through twelve at this time, and overcrowding gradually began to improve after Manual dropped the seventh and eight grades when Noe Middle School opened in 1974. Throughout the decade the administration gradually dropped the last vestiges of its manual training emphasis as the number of shop classes dwindled from 16 in 1971 to three in 1979.[14] The Youth Performing Arts School, actually a magnet school within Manual, opened in 1978 and, along with the changing curriculum, presaged Manual's transition to an academically intensive magnet school in the 1980s.[19]

Magnet school

Manual became a magnet school in 1984, creating specialty programs and allowing students from around the district to apply to attend.[20] The change initially met with a mixed reaction, especially as most freshman and sophomores were to be transferred to other schools. One critic in the black community called the plan "one-way busing".[21] A few days after the proposal was announced, about 300 students walked out of class at Manual and marched to Central High School, where most of them were being transferred, in protest. The protest succeeded in persuading the school board to modify the proposal to exclude sophomores from being transferred.[22]

The magnet programs succeeded in attracting applicants and by the mid-1990s only about a third of students who applied were accepted.[23] In the midst of the transition to magnet school, Manual underwent a $1.9 million building improvement plan which added computer and science labs.[24][25] Also in 1991, the United States Department of Education recognized Manual as a Blue Ribbon School, the highest honor the department can bestow on a school.[26][27]

Many interior shots of the 1999 film The Insider were shot at Manual.[28] Dr. Jeffrey Wigand, the subject of the film, taught science and Japanese at Manual after he was fired by tobacco company Brown & Williamson in 1993.[29]

Building and campus

Manual classrooms and offices are located in three buildings spread over two city blocks. The main building was originally called Reuben Post Halleck Hall and was home to the Louisville Girls High School before it merged with Manual. The Gothic-style building was completed in 1934 at a cost of $1.1 million. The 9-acre (36,000 m2) tract it was built on had previously been the site of the old Masonic Widows and Orphans Home.[4]

In 1967 an urban renewal program demolished a residential block east of the main building to create a running track and various athletic fields. The project doubled Manual's campus to its modern size of 17 acres (69,000 m2). This was a part of a larger city-funded effort which created Noe Middle School north of Manual and increased the size of the University of Louisville campus, which was originally touted as a plan to create a continuous chain of schools over many blocks.[30] Manual even became a home for two of the university's women's athletic teams. In the 1980s, the U of L women's basketball team used Manual's gym as a part-time home, playing a total of 40 games in eight seasons there.[31] The U of L volleyball team used the Manual gym as its primary home from 1977 through 1990, after which the team moved into the newly built Cardinal Arena on its own campus.[32] In 1992, Manual began a $3.5 million renovation of the main building which included a new roof and a glass-enclosed cafeteria for juniors and seniors.[33]

The Youth Performing Arts School has its own building a half-block from Manual's main building. It was completed in 1978 at a cost of $1.5 million as the final stage of the same plan that expanded Manual's campus and built Noe. Noe had been built without an auditorium in anticipation of a theater-oriented school being built on site.[34] The YPAS building includes production facilities, a costume shop and an 886-seat proscenium-style theater.[35] The YPAS building did not contain extensive classroom space, however, and for many years teachers conducted YPAS classes in hallways and on loading docks if other space wasn't available. Since 1993, YPAS has used an adjacent facility, built in 1899 and formerly home to Cochran Elementary, as an annex.[36]

Academics

Manual focused on industrial training early in its history, but by the late 1970s it had a standard curriculum. In 1980, Iowa Test of Basic Skills scores ranked Manual 23rd out of the 24 high schools in the county. Under principal Joe Liedtke, academics improved, especially after Manual became a magnet school in 1984 and could attract students from throughout the county.[37]

All students enroll in one of five magnet programs. The High School University (HSU) magnet offers a traditional college preparatory curriculum with electives. The Math/Science/Technology (MST) magnet specifically prepares students for college programs in engineering, science and math. Minimal requirements for MST students include courses in algebra, trigonometry, calculus (including mandatory AP Calculus), biology, chemistry and computer programming.[38] The Journalism & Communication (J&C) magnet focuses on journalism, publishing, and media production. To earn class credit, J&C students can participate in production of the school's national award-winning yearbook (The Crimson), student newspaper (The Crimson Record), multimedia website (RedEye) or a weekly morning television show called Manual AM, which is broadcast to all classrooms.[39][40][41] The J&C program was formerly known as CMA (Communications and Media Arts), but the name was changed so that the Manual program would stand out from others in the district with similar names.

Admission to the HSU, MST and J&C magnets are decided by a committee of Manual teachers based on academic performance as measured by prior school grades and the Commonwealth Accountability Testing System, although extracurricular involvement is also considered.[42] J&C applicants also participate in an on-demand writing assessment. The acceptance rate to each magnet varies with the number of applicants in any given year; in the mid-1990s about a third of applicants to these three magnets were selected each year.[23] Admission the other two magnets, Visual Arts and the Youth Performing Arts School, are decided based primarily on auditions.[42]

The Visual Arts magnet is located in a wing of art classrooms and features an art show each year for graduating seniors.[43][44] The Visual Arts magnet provides students with the opportunity to work with a variety of medium, including clay/sculpture, fibers, printmaking, painting, drawing and graphic design. The Math/Science/Technology program and the Youth Performing Arts School have achieved national recognition on multiple occasions.[45]

In 1994, Manual began offering Advanced Placement (AP) courses. In 2001 it offered 45 AP courses, more than any other school in the state.[46] Qualifying students may take college courses free of charge at the University of Louisville, which is located directly south of Manual. In 2000, Manual implemented block scheduling, which allowed students to take eight classes per year, which are scheduled four per day on alternating days.[47]

Since 2000, Manual has held Kentucky's state record of 52 National Merit Semifinalists, ranking third in the United States for that year. Manual's academic team won state titles at Governor's Cup, Kentucky's top high school academic competition, in 1993, 1994, 2005, and 2013. Matt Morris, a Manual graduate who was on the 1993 and 1994 teams, was the 1994 Teen Champion on Jeopardy!. Three other Manual students have competed on Jeopardy.[48] Manual's academic teams have also won both National Science Bowl and National Academic League championships, and achieved 7th place at the NAQT's High School National Championships.[45] Manual has a history of one of the top policy debate programs in the state. In the 1990s Manual students won the Jefferson County championships most years and qualified teams for the National Forensic League tournament and the TOC Tournament of Champions. Manual has been mentioned several times in lists of America's top high schools in Redbook and Newsweek magazines.[49] In 2002, Manual was separated from the rest of the schools in its district and made to hold its own regional science fair.[50]

In 2015, duPont Manual had the distinction of being the high school that sent the most students to the INTEL International Science and Engineering Fair (ISEF).[51][52]

Youth Performing Arts School

Main YPAS building

The Youth Performing Arts School (YPAS) is one of only two programs in Kentucky allowing high school students to major in performing arts. Between 1995 and 2005, 90% of YPAS students received college scholarships totaling an average of over one million dollars per year. YPAS has its own building a half-block from Manual's main building, which includes classrooms, production facilities, a costume shop and an 886-seat proscenium-style theater.[35] Since 1993, YPAS has used an adjacent facility, built in 1899 and formerly home to Cochran Elementary, as an annex.[36]

YPAS is one of Manual's magnet programs and YPAS students take their academic classes at Manual and must complete the same academic requirements as any public school student in Kentucky. Unlike the other magnets, YPAS is semi-autonomous; it has its own assistant principals, counselor, administrative staff, and parents' organization. Many Manual students take classes at YPAS, even if it is not their academic major.[53][54]

Students at YPAS major in vocal music, instrumental music (band, orchestra or piano), dance, theater design and production, or musical theatre. YPAS instructors are school teachers recruited from around the district for their backgrounds in the arts.[55] The YPAS choir was the only chorus to perform at the January 2001 inauguration of President George W. Bush.[56][57]

Athletics

Football

Manual students first organized a football team in 1892. The team won the state championship five times: 1925, 1938, 1948, 1959 and 1966. The 1925 and 1938 teams claimed to be national champions due to their undefeated records and defeats of other top national teams, but the 1925 claim is considered a mythical national championship because there was no tournament. The National Sports News Service gave the 1938 High School Football National Championship to Manual.[58] That year, Manual defeated New Britain, Connecticut in a national championship game in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The game was sponsored by the Louisiana Sports Association, which was affiliated with the Sugar Bowl.

Manual's rivalry with the Male Bulldogs, dubbed the "Old Rivalry," dates directly to 1893 and is the oldest high school rivalry in Kentucky. The most recent winning team holds a trophy referred to as "The Barrel."[59] The rivalry was fueled in its early years by class differences between college-bound Male students and "blue collar" Manual students. The Louisville Post wrote in 1897 that "[Male's school colors] have always waved triumphant over the Red of the 'blacksmiths' as their more cultured opponents are wont to dub them".[60] The game, traditionally played on Thanksgiving Day, was hotly contested and widely attended, with 10,000 spectators attending as early as 1909. The rivalry paused when the schools (and football teams) were consolidated from 1915 to 1918 but was renewed in 1919 after Manual reformed and built its own stadium. Attendance averaged 14,000 from the 1920s through 1957, when crowds were so large that the schools began holding the game at Cardinal Stadium, with a capacity of over 20,000. The record attendance was 22,000 in 1966.[61] Due to changes in the state athletics schedules the Thanksgiving Day game tradition ended in 1980 amid protests from fans, and the game was moved to late October.[62]

Other sports

John Reccius, an early Major League Baseball player, organized Manual's first baseball team in 1900. An early baseball star was Ferdie Schupp, who would go on to pitch in the 1917 World Series, but left Manual two months before graduating. Manual claims seven "mythical" state baseball championships and has won six official ones, most recently in 1962. A total of ten Manual players have played in Major League Baseball, most notably Pee Wee Reese.[63]

The varsity cheerleaders have won several NCA National Championship titles. In 1997, 1998, 2004, and 2005, they won the Large Varsity Division, and in 2003 and 2006 they won the Medium Varsity Division title.[64] Varsity Boys' Soccer was second at states in 2005 and third in 2004.[65][66]

In 2006, the Manual Girls' Cross Country team finally won the school's first team title after placing second in 2004 and 2005. The 2006 win was the first championship for a Jefferson County, Kentucky Class AAA Public School since 1980. In 2007, the Manual Boys' Cross Country team attained a Class AAA state championship, matching the feat that the Girls' team earned the previous year.[67]

The swim team maintained state titles from 2003—2008. From 2004 through 2008, Manual has won the Combined Girls and Boys State Championship, and the girls alone have maintained their own state championship from 2005 through 2008.[68]

The boys' tennis team achieved their best finish at the KHSAA State Tennis Tournament in 2008 by winning the team title.[69] Previously, their best result had come in 2006 when they tied rival St. Xavier High School for second place. The boys' team also won the state doubles title in 2006, which was the first state title in Ram Tennis history on the boys' side. The team had five consecutive runner up positions from the 2001—2002 year until the 2005—2006 year. In 2008, the Manual boys' tennis team went on to win the first ever regional tournament in Manual history. The state team won the state title in 2008, making Manual the second public school to ever win the title.[70]

Manual's boy's track team has won 15 state titles, more than any other in the state. The boys' bowling team won the state title in 2010.[71] The school also offers basketball, dance (called the Dazzlers), field hockey, golf, lacrosse, and volleyball among other sports teams.[72] The varsity field hockey team won the state title in 2011 for the first time in the history of the program. DuPont Manual Girls Lacrosse has won many state titles and tournament trophies since the year 2001 when the sport was developed.

Notable alumni

See also

References

  1. ↑ "2013–2014 Audited School Enrollments (in alphabetic order)" (PDF). Kentucky High School Athletic Association. Retrieved January 3, 2014.
  2. ↑ Poynter, Chris (2004-11-14). "Presenting your favorite Louisville buildings". The Courier-Journal (Louisville, Kentucky). p. 1I.
  3. ↑ Cocanougher, Kelly (1981-06-16). "From the Old School-Apartment Project is Progressing in old Manual High Building". Louisville Times (Louisville, Kentucky). p. A8.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Noe, Sam V. (July 1964). "The Louisville Public schools: Their Names, Their History". Filson Club Historic Quarterly 38.
  5. ↑ Abrams, Ruth (1924-03-21). "Du Pont Manual, First School to Serve Lunches, Opens Modern, Spacious Cafeteria". Louisville Times.
  6. ↑ "Old Manual Again Becomes School Unit". Louisville Herald (Louisville, Kentucky). 1919-06-04. p. 1.
  7. ↑ "Gym at Original Manual High Severely Damaged by Fire". Courier-Journal. 1991-09-21. p. 7A.
  8. ↑ Bartlett, Beverly (1993-10-29). "Male-Manual: 100 Years of War". The Courier-Journal. p. 1A.
  9. 1 2 "DuPont Manual High School KHSAA Directory Entry". Kentucky High School Athletic Association. Retrieved February 16, 2013.
  10. 1 2 McEwan, Maxine Crouch (2001). "Louisville Girls High School". In Kleber, John E. The Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. p. 551. ISBN 978-0-8131-2100-0. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  11. 1 2 "Future of Manual Safe, Board Says". Courier-Journal. 1950-03-07. p. 1B.
  12. ↑ "About Manual". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  13. 1 2 Quinlan, Michael (1992-11-29). "A Century of Class-Manual High School Alumni Recount Glory Days at 100th Anniversary Party". Courier-Journal.
  14. 1 2 McDaniel, Mike (2005). Stand Up and Cheer : the Official History of du Pont Manual High School, Louisville, Kentucky. Butler Books. pp. 179–181. ISBN 1-884532-67-5.
  15. 1 2 Nichols, Wanda (1976-11-01). "Racial Fight at Manual brings injuries, arrests". Courier-Journal. p. 1A.
  16. ↑ Nichols, Wanda (1976-11-13). "Manual teachers want money for more security guards". Courier-Journal. p. 1B.
  17. ↑ McDaniel Stand Up and Cheer, p. 196
  18. ↑ Carrico, Johnny (1972-05-31). "Gym Dandy - Manual's Athletic Facility to be Named After Charmoli". Louisville Times. p. B7.
  19. ↑ Yater, George H. (1987). Two hundred years at the falls of the Ohio : a history of Louisville and Jefferson County (2 ed.). Filson Club. p. 238. ISBN 978-0-9601072-3-0.
  20. ↑ Pinkston, Antwon (2009-02-16). "This Week in History". Courier-Journal. p. 4B.
  21. ↑ Ellis, Leslie (1984-02-14). "Manual Teachers, Parents React With Euphoria, Shock". Courier-Journal. p. A4.
  22. ↑ Ellis, Leslie (1984-02-16). "300 Manual Students Show School Officials Some 'Public Response'". Courier-Journal. p. A1.
  23. 1 2 McDaniel Stand Up and Cheer p. 219
  24. ↑ Holland, Holly (1989-02-28). "NEW ELEMENTARY SCHOOL, UPDATING OF GOLDSMITH AND MANUAL GET FUNDS". Courier-Journal. p. 1B.
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  26. ↑ de Vise, Daniel (2005-09-25). "Folger McKinsey Wins Blue Ribbon". Washington Post. pp. AA03. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  27. ↑ "Blue Ribbon Schools Program - Schools Recognized 1982–1983 Through 1999–2002" (PDF). Department of Education. Retrieved 2009-04-26.
  28. ↑ Egerton, Judith (1999-11-05). "Movie review; 'Insider' tells tense tale but needed an editor". Courier-Journal. p. 14W.
  29. ↑ Naito, Jon (2002-07-31). "Tobacco whistle-blower critical of how some states spend settlement money". Seattle Post-Intelligencer.
  30. ↑ Wilson, Richard (1967-10-08). "Renewal, New School Change Manual". Courier-Journal. p. B1.
  31. ↑ "Records: Home/Attendance" (PDF). 2010–11 Louisville Cardinals Women's Basketball Media Guide. University of Louisville Sports information. p. 159. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  32. ↑ "Facilities: Cardinal Arena". University of Louisville Athletics. Retrieved March 5, 2011.
  33. ↑ Holland, Holly (1992-08-12). "Renovations, New Facilities on Agenda for Jefferson Schools". Courier-Journal. p. 3B.
  34. ↑ McDaniel Stand Up and Cheer, p. 201
  35. 1 2 Muhammad, Larry (2006-08-27). "YPAS grads on Broadway credit favorite teacher". Courier-Journal. p. 1E.
  36. 1 2 Edelen, Sheryl (2002-02-27). "Volunteers fix up building at YPAS". Courier-Journal. p. 1N.
  37. ↑ McDaniel Stand Up and Cheer p. 213
  38. ↑ "Math/Science/Technology Magnet". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  39. ↑ "Communications and Media Arts Magnet". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 2009-05-09.
  40. ↑ "CMA Website". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
  41. ↑ "Manual RedEye Website". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 2010-02-16.
  42. 1 2 Jennings, Michael (1999-09-16). "Manual 3rd in U.S. in Merit ranking". Courier-Journal. p. 1B.
  43. ↑ Bartlett, Beverly (2002-12-29). "A Heart for Arts". Courier-Journal. p. 1H.
  44. ↑ "duPont Manual High School". Jefferson County Public School. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  45. 1 2 "Awards". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  46. ↑ Pitsch, Mark (2001-11-10). "Kentucky students' Advanced Placement exam scores rank near bottom for U.S.". Courier-Journal. p. 1A.
  47. ↑ Rodriguez, Nancy (2003-03-03). "School schedule has little effect on test scores". Courier-Journal. p. 1B.
  48. ↑ Smith, Patti (2003-02-03). "Teen puts skills to test in 'Jeopardy' tournament". Courier-Journal. p. 2B.
  49. ↑ Konz, Antoinette (2007-05-28). "3 Jefferson schools 'the best'". Courier-Journal. p. 3B.
  50. ↑ Tangonan, Shannon (2002-03-10). "Manual opts for its own science fair". Courier-Journal. p. 3B.
  51. ↑ "Taking ISEF by Storm - STEM Wizard". Retrieved 2015-08-21.
  52. ↑ Tu, a; Chief, Editor in. "Meet Manual's 2015 ISEF competitors". Manual RedEye. Retrieved 2015-08-21. Missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  53. ↑ "Youth Performing Arts School (YPAS)". Jefferson County Public Schools. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  54. ↑ Suitor, Josh (2005-09-30). "Bob West, founding principal of YPAS, dies at 62 in Florida". Courier-Journal. p. 6B.
  55. ↑ Inman, David (1990-07-19). "Arts School Gives Students a Chance to Stretch Talents". Courier-Journal. p. 1C.
  56. ↑ "Manual Alumni Hall of Fame A-C". manualalumni.org. Retrieved 8 March 2009.
  57. ↑ "McConnell, a Manual graduate, announced yesterday that the YPAS group will be the only choir to sing during the inauguration." Coryell, Holly (2001-01-17). "Choirs to sing at inaugural events". Courier-Journal. p. 1B.
  58. ↑ McDaniel Stand Up and Cheer p. 117–118
  59. ↑ Kleber, John E. (2001). "Male-Manual High School Football Rivalry". Encyclopedia of Louisville. University Press of Kentucky. p. 585. ISBN 978-0-8131-2100-0. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  60. ↑ McDaniel Stand up and Cheer p. 80
  61. ↑ Ibid, 80–98
  62. ↑ Loomis, Ken (1976-11-11). "Male vs. Manual-Efforts being made to keep 83-year-old rivalry going". Courier-Journal. p. B1.
  63. ↑ McDaniel Stand up and Cheer p. 133
  64. ↑ "National Cheerleaders Association :: Wall of Fame - High School Nationals". Varsity Brands, Inc. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  65. ↑ "Boys State Bracket 05" (PDF). Kentucky High School Athletic Association. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  66. ↑ "2004 Boys Bracket" (PDF). Kentucky High School Athletic Association. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  67. ↑ "Kentucky High School Athletic Association Cross Country". "Kentucky High School Athletic Association". Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  68. ↑ "Kentucky High School Athletic Association Swimming". "Kentucky High School Athletic Association". Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  69. ↑ "Kentucky High School Athletic Association Tennis Championship Results". "Kentucky High School Athletic Association. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  70. ↑ "Kentucky High School Athletic Association Tennis". "Kentucky High School Athletic Association". Retrieved 2008-09-12.
  71. ↑ "Kentucky High School Bowling". Retrieved 2010-03-16.
  72. ↑ "Manual Crimson Sports Teams". duPont Manual High School. Retrieved 2009-04-13.
  73. ↑ Plummer, William T. and Fantone, Stephen D. (2007). Memorial Tributes: National Academy of Engineering, Volume 11. National Academic Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-0-309-10337-4. Retrieved 2009-05-06.
  74. ↑ Fenton, Angie (2007-03-23). "Crowning achiever". Courier-Journal. p. 1E.
  75. ↑ "Moving Collective :: About :: Dancer Bio". Moving Collective. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  76. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "duPont Manual High School Alumni Association Hall of Fame". duPont Manual Magnet High School Alumni Association. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  77. ↑ "NFL Events: Combine Player Profiles". National Football League. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  78. ↑ Marsden, Peter (2005-01-24). "The Sociology of James S. Coleman". Annual Review of Sociology 31: 1–24. doi:10.1146/annurev.soc.31.041304.122209. Born in 1926, Coleman was raised in the southern and midwestern United States, receiving his high school diploma from Dupont Manual High School in Louisville, Kentucky.
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  80. ↑ "Bengals Bring Back Coslet to Add Punch". Courier-Journal. 1994-01-22. p. 2B.
  81. ↑ MacGillis, Alec (2014-09-16). The Cynic: The Political Education of Mitch McConnell. ISBN 9781476761077.
  82. ↑ "John Jacob Niles". www.hymnsandcarolsofchristmas.com. Retrieved 2009-04-11.
  83. ↑ Fay, John (1999-08-28). "Miami's Prentice faces uphill Heisman race". Cincinnati Enquirer. Retrieved 2009-04-28.
  84. ↑ Jackson, Kenneth T.; et al. (1998). The Scribner encyclopedia of American lives. Simon and Schuster. p. 473. ISBN 978-0-684-80663-1.
  85. ↑ Lo, Ricardo F. (2006-05-29). "Pussycat Dolls' Lead Vocalist A Pinay / On Manhattan Transfer". Philippine Headline News. Retrieved 2009-04-28.

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